Abstract
Human-induced direct mortality affects huge numbers of birds each year, threatening hundreds of species worldwide. Tracking technologies can be an important tool to investigate temporal and spatial patterns of bird mortality as well as their drivers. We compiled 1704 mortality records from tracking studies across the African-Eurasian flyway for 45 species, including raptors, storks, and cranes, covering the period from 2003 to 2021. Our results show a higher frequency of human-induced causes of mortality than natural causes across taxonomic groups, geographical areas, and age classes. Moreover, we found that the frequency of human-induced mortality remained stable over the study period. From the human-induced mortality events with a known cause (n = 637), three main causes were identified: electrocution (40.5 %), illegal killing (21.7 %), and poisoning (16.3 %). Additionally, combined energy infrastructure-related mortality (i.e., electrocution, power line collision, and wind-farm collision) represented 49 % of all human-induced mortality events. Using a random forest model, the main predictors of human-induced mortality were found to be taxonomic group, geographic location (latitude and longitude), and human footprint index value at the location of mortality. Despite conservation efforts, human drivers of bird mortality in the African-Eurasian flyway do not appear to have declined over the last 15 years for the studied group of species. Results suggest that stronger conservation actions to address these threats across the flyway can reduce their impacts on species. In particular, projected future development of energy infrastructure is a representative example where application of planning, operation, and mitigation measures can enhance bird conservation.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 110525 |
Journal | Biological Conservation |
Volume | 293 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - May 2024 |
Funding
Funders | Funder number |
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Latvian Ornithological Society | |
Llywodraeth Cymru | |
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | |
Natural Environment Research Council | |
Turkey's Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs General Directorate of Nature Conservation | |
SEO | |
Gambian Department of Parks and Wildlife Management, Endangered Wildlife Trust | |
Northern England Raptor Forum | |
Fundació Catalunya-La Pedrera and Diputación de Barcelona | |
National Geographic Society | |
Egyptian vulture project in Israel | |
Iğdır University | |
Lothian and Borders Raptor Study Group | |
Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife | |
Ethiopia Wildlife and Natural History Society | |
Lucia Deutschová | |
Kenya Wildlife Service | |
North Carolina Zoo and Wildlife Conservation Society | |
Endangered Wildlife Trust | |
Sigrid Rausing Trust | |
Tuscan Archipelago National Park | |
Jozef Chavko | |
Wildlife Conservation Society | |
Far East University | |
University of Utah School of Biological Sciences | |
Global Innovation Fund | |
Latvijas Vides Aizsardzības Fonda Administrācijas | |
Whitley Fund for Nature | |
Faruk Yalçın Zoo | |
Max-Planck Institute of Animal Behavior | |
American University of Armenia | |
Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium | |
Israeli Nature and Parks Authority | |
Iğdır Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry | |
BAND foundation | |
German Air and Space Administration | |
U.S. Government | |
NSF-BSF | |
Environment Authority of Oman | |
Regione Calabria | |
Environment Society of Oman | |
Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías | |
Saving Animals From Extinction | |
Disney Conservation Fund | |
Ethiopia Wildlife Conservation Authority | |
Narok County Council | |
Norwich Research Park Translational Fund | |
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme | |
FWFF-Fund for Wild Flora and Fauna | |
Neurosciences Foundation | |
University of Utah | |
Maremma Regional Park | |
Matira Safaris | |
Office for Conservation of the Environment, Diwan of Royal Court | |
Leiden Conservation Foundation | |
NorthStar Science and Technology | |
Miljødirektoratet | |
Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Association | |
MAVA Foundation | |
NOP Birds of Prey Working Group | |
Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi | |
Turkey's Department of Nature Conservation | |
Dipartimento Ambiente | |
BirdLife International | |
World Wildlife Fund | |
Princeton University | |
Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute | |
Taronga Conservation Society Australia | |
Christensen Fund | |
Scottish and Southern Energy | |
IREC | |
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev | |
Lush | |
WWF Orti-Bottagone Marsh Natural Reserve | |
Narok County Government | |
Natural Resources Wales | |
Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico | |
KuzeyDoğa Society | |
Pannon Eagle LIFE | |
Jonas Waldenström | |
National Museums of Kenya | |
Israeli Academy of Science | |
Association of Zoos and Aquariums | |
Diputación Foral de Gipuzkoa | |
Jon Masek | |
German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development | |
Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund | |
Servei de Biodiversitat de la Generalitat de Catalunya | |
Parco Regionale Gallipoli Cognato e Piccole Dolomiti Lucane | |
Wallace Research Foundation | |
Wildlife Research and Training Institute | |
U.S. Department of Agriculture | |
Fundación Iberdrola España | |
Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and Red Eléctrica de España SAU | |
Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica | |
Shay Rotics | |
Carabinieri Forestali | |
Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade | |
National Parks | |
A.G. Leventis Foundation | |
Green Fund and ‘Survey and Conservation of Seabirds | |
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt | |
European Regional Development Fund | |
José Luis Tellería and Ryno Kemp | |
Tuscany Region administration | |
Falco cherrug in NE Bulgaria | |
Iğdır Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks | |
Horizon 2020 | |
Estonian Environmental Board | |
AZA SAFE | |
HawkWatch International | |
Wyss Foundation | |
Mara Conservancy | |
Whitley Fund | |
Montagu's Harrier | CZ.05.4.27/0.0/0.0/19_130/0010743 |
LIFE programme | LIFE04NAT /EE/000072, LIFE18 NAT/AT/000048 |
Estonian Environmental Investments Centre | 15432, 15632 |
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council | NE/K006312 |
European Commission | LIFE13 NAT/UK/000258, LIFE07 NAT/BG/000068, 2021.03224, CZ.05.4.27/0.0/0.0/19_130/0010743 |
H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions | LIFE16/NAT/IT/000659, 101027534, 766417 |
Narodowe Centrum Nauki | 2016/23/D/NZ8/01902 |
Eesti Maaülikool | P180271 |
British Skin Foundation | 2015904 |
LIFE11/NAT/HU | /000926 |
Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, Tanzania National Parks and Tanzania Wildlife Authority | NCST/5/002/R/817 |
RSPB's Hen Harrier | LIFE13 NAT/UK/000258 |
Large European Vultures in Bulgaria | LIFE08 NAT/BG/000278 |
Pannon Eagle LIFE project | LIFE15/NAT/HU/000902 |
Foundation for Science and Technology | POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028176 |
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft | IUT21-1, EXC 2117–422037984 |
Project Greater chance for Lesser Kestrel | LIFE11 NAT/BG/360 |
Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs | 79-2017 |
Wilson Kilong | NCST/5/002/R/448 |
Hellenic Ministry of Environment and Energy | 6ΧΨΑ0-ΟΚΤ, Ψ9Θ24653Π8-ΡΤ3 |
Bright Future for Black Vulture in Bulgaria | LIFE14 NAT/BG/000649 |
University of Veterinary Sciences | LIFE10 NAT/BG/000152, LIFE16 NAT/BG/000874 |
Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality | I-1465-413.13/2018 |
National Institute of Food and Agriculture | ME021908, ME022402 |
Nature-Inclusive Society | KB36-5200044844 |
Scottish Raptor Study Groups | LIFE07 NAT/BG/000068 |
National Science Foundation | 1617982 |
Interreg | EFA 089/15 |
Ministerio de Transición ecológica of Spain | MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, PID2020-117909RBI00 |
United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation | 904/2015 |
LIFE for Lesser Kestrel | LIFE19 NAT/BG/001017 |
Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria | UID/BIA/50027/2013, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821 |
University of KwaZulu-Natal Animal Ethics Subcommittee | ZA/LP/HO/2937, AREC/094/015PD |
Keywords
- Bird conservation
- Energy infrastructure
- Illegal killing
- Mortality
- Poisoning
- Renewable energy
- Tracking technologies