Three Paradigms of "The Negative Jew": Identity from Simmel to Žižek.

The article focuses on three paradigms of The Negative Jew identity. Positive conceptions ascribe to the Jews particular attributes. Somewhat surprisingly, given their significance for modern Jewish history and in the history of the social sciences, negative conceptions of the Jews and Jewishness received much less attention. The completion of the individual occurs in ascribing someone to a type, whereby even the unknown, purely atypical part of an individual is also reduced to the type. For example, people perceive something as ugly when they recognize that it belongs to a type from which it differs.