The stone-to-metal transition reflected in the Iron Age copper production sites of Timna Valley, Israel

Ron Shimelmitz, Erez Ben-Yosef

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

1 Scopus citations

Abstract

Metalwork was a major technological innovation that displaced stone-tool technologies and transformed human society and the environment. However, our understanding of these processes remains partial. In this paper, we approach the stone-to-metal transition from a novel angle–the presence of flint knapping at metal production sites. Drawing on excavations at the Late Bronze and Iron Age copper smelting sites in Timna Valley, Israel, we demonstrate that systematic production of expedient stone tools was integral to these sites' industrial operations, placing it at the heart of the very same metal circulation networks that were presumably responsible for its displacement. The observations from Timna, coupled with evidence for the use of chipped stone technology in other early Iron Age metallurgical contexts, support the hypothesis that it was probably both the high accessibility of iron and its qualities that put an end to the stone tool industry. Copper and bronze could not easily fulfill the function of the ad hoc stone tools and were not used to replace stone tools even if they were available and accessible.
Original languageEnglish
Article numbere0294569
Pages (from-to)1-18
Number of pages18
JournalPLoS ONE
Volume18
Issue number12
DOIs
StatePublished - 19 Dec 2023

Keywords

  • ISRAEL
  • IRON Age
  • COPPER Age
  • PREHISTORIC tools
  • STONE implements
  • COPPER smelting
  • IRON

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