The neurobiology of panic disorder: Toward an integrated model

Panic disorder (PD) is a complex, multidimensional psychiatric disorder characterized by the presence of panic attacks as well as anticipatory anxiety and panic-related phobias (eg, agoraphobia). Although the etiology of this disabling disorder remains unclear, advances in basic neuroscience and in imaging studies have led to a greater understanding of the neurocircuitry and neurochemistry that are involved in modulating fear and anxiety and that are relevant to understanding PD. A preliminary integrated model can be outlined, but there is a need for additional research that cuts across genetic investigation, provocation studies, neuroimaging techniques, and treatment trials. As research continues and greater insight into the mechanisms underlying PD is achieved, additional treatment strategies may emerge.