The green seaweed Ulva: tomorrow’s “wheat of the sea” in foods, feeds, nutrition, and biomaterials

Laurie C. Hofmann*, Sylvia Strauss, Muki Shpigel, Lior Guttman, Dagmar B. Stengel, Céline Rebours, Natasha Gjorgovska, Gamze Turan, Karina Balina, Gabrielle Zammit, Jessica M.M. Adams, Umair Ahsan, Angela G. Bartolo, John J. Bolton, Rosário Domingues, Ömerhan Dürrani, Orhan Tufan Eroldogan, Andreia Freitas, Alexander Golberg, Kira I. KremerFrancisca Marques, Massimo Milia, Sophie Steinhagen, Ekin Sucu, Liliana Vargas-Murga, Shiri Zemah-Shamir, Ziv Zemah-Shamir, Antonio J. Meléndez-Martínez

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

15 Scopus citations

Abstract

Ulva, a genus of green macroalgae commonly known as sea lettuce, has long been recognized for its nutritional benefits for food and feed. As the demand for sustainable food and feed sources continues to grow, so does the interest in alternative, plant-based protein sources. With its abundance along coastal waters and high protein content, Ulva spp. have emerged as promising candidates. While the use of Ulva in food and feed has its challenges, the utilization of Ulva in other industries, including in biomaterials, biostimulants, and biorefineries, has been growing. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status, challenges and opportunities associated with using Ulva in food, feed, and beyond. Drawing on the expertise of leading researchers and industry professionals, it explores the latest knowledge on Ulva’s nutritional value, processing methods, and potential benefits for human nutrition, aquaculture feeds, terrestrial feeds, biomaterials, biostimulants and biorefineries. In addition, it examines the economic feasibility of incorporating Ulva into aquafeed. Through its comprehensive and insightful analysis, including a critical review of the challenges and future research needs, this review will be a valuable resource for anyone interested in sustainable aquaculture and Ulva’s role in food, feed, biomaterials, biostimulants and beyond.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)3728-3763
Number of pages36
JournalCritical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
Volume65
Issue number19
DOIs
StatePublished - 2025

Funding

FundersFunder number
Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Malta Council for Science and Technology
Universidade de Aveiro
Ministério da Educação e Ciência
HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme
Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft
MCT
FORMAS-funded
NOVAFOODIES101084180
Centro de Estudos Ambientais e Marinhos, Universidade de AveiroLA/P/0094/2020, 2022-00331
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development30-04-0016
Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung281DL02B20
European Cooperation in Science and TechnologyREP-2022-001, CA20106
Ministry of Health, State of Israel3–16052
Cukurova UniversityFBA-2020–13387
Norges Forskningsråd319577SAFERIMTA
Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Ireland15/F/698

    Keywords

    • Ulva
    • aquafeed
    • biomaterials
    • biorefinery
    • feed
    • food
    • nutrition
    • seaweed

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