TY - JOUR
T1 - The GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition
T2 - A 5-year update
AU - Cederholm, Tommy
AU - Jensen, Gordon L.
AU - Correia, M. Isabel T.D.
AU - Gonzalez, M. Cristina
AU - Fukushima, Ryoji
AU - Pisprasert, Veeradej
AU - Blaauw, Renee
AU - Braz, Diana Cardenas
AU - Carrasco, Fernando
AU - Cruz Jentoft, Alfonso J.
AU - Cuerda, Cristina
AU - Evans, David C.
AU - Fuchs-Tarlovsky, Vanessa
AU - Gramlich, Leah
AU - Shi, Han Ping
AU - Hasse, Jeanette M.
AU - Hiesmayr, Michael
AU - Hiki, Naoki
AU - Jager-Wittenaar, Harriët
AU - Jahit, Shukri
AU - Jáquez, Anayanet
AU - Keller, Heather
AU - Klek, Stanislaw
AU - Malone, Ainsley
AU - Mogensen, Kris M.
AU - Mori, Naoharu
AU - Mundi, Manpreet
AU - Muscaritoli, Maurizio
AU - Ng, Doris
AU - Nyulasi, Ibolya
AU - Pirlich, Matthias
AU - Schneider, Stephane
AU - Schueren, Marian de van der
AU - Siltharm, Soranit
AU - Singer, Pierre
AU - Steiber, Alison
AU - Tappenden, Kelly A.
AU - Yu, Jianchun
AU - van Gossum, André
AU - Wang, Jaw Yuan
AU - Winkler, Marion F.
AU - Barazzoni, Rocco
AU - Compher, Charlene
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 The Author(s)
PY - 2025/6
Y1 - 2025/6
N2 - Background: The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) introduced an approach for malnutrition diagnosis in 2019 comprised of screening followed by assessment of three phenotypic criteria: weight loss, low BMI, and low muscle mass, and two etiologic criteria: reduced food intake/assimilation, and inflammation/disease burden. This planned update reconsiders the GLIM framework based on published knowledge and experience over the past five years. Methods: A GLIM working group (n = 43 members) conducted a literature search spanning 2019–2024 using the keywords “Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition or GLIM”. Prior GLIM activities providing guidance for use of the criteria on muscle mass and inflammation were reviewed. Successive rounds of review and revision were used to achieve consensus. Results: More than 400 scientific reports are published in peer-reviewed journals, forming the basis of 10 systematic reviews, some including meta-analyses of GLIM validity that indicate strong construct and predictive validity. Limitations and future priorities are discussed. Working group findings suggest that assessment of low muscle mass should be guided by experience and available technological resources. Clinical judgement may suffice to evaluate the inflammation/disease burden etiologic criterion. No revisions of the weight loss, low BMI, or reduced food intake/assimilation criteria are suggested. Following two rounds of review and revision, the working group secured 100 % agreement with the conclusions reported in the 5-year update. Conclusion: Ongoing initiatives target priorities that include malnutrition risk screening procedures, GLIM adaptation to the intensive care setting, assessment in support of the reduced food intake/assimilation criterion, and determination of malnutrition in obesity.
AB - Background: The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) introduced an approach for malnutrition diagnosis in 2019 comprised of screening followed by assessment of three phenotypic criteria: weight loss, low BMI, and low muscle mass, and two etiologic criteria: reduced food intake/assimilation, and inflammation/disease burden. This planned update reconsiders the GLIM framework based on published knowledge and experience over the past five years. Methods: A GLIM working group (n = 43 members) conducted a literature search spanning 2019–2024 using the keywords “Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition or GLIM”. Prior GLIM activities providing guidance for use of the criteria on muscle mass and inflammation were reviewed. Successive rounds of review and revision were used to achieve consensus. Results: More than 400 scientific reports are published in peer-reviewed journals, forming the basis of 10 systematic reviews, some including meta-analyses of GLIM validity that indicate strong construct and predictive validity. Limitations and future priorities are discussed. Working group findings suggest that assessment of low muscle mass should be guided by experience and available technological resources. Clinical judgement may suffice to evaluate the inflammation/disease burden etiologic criterion. No revisions of the weight loss, low BMI, or reduced food intake/assimilation criteria are suggested. Following two rounds of review and revision, the working group secured 100 % agreement with the conclusions reported in the 5-year update. Conclusion: Ongoing initiatives target priorities that include malnutrition risk screening procedures, GLIM adaptation to the intensive care setting, assessment in support of the reduced food intake/assimilation criterion, and determination of malnutrition in obesity.
KW - Assessment
KW - Inflammation
KW - Malnutrition
KW - Muscle
KW - Screening
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105002372414
U2 - 10.1016/j.clnu.2025.03.018
DO - 10.1016/j.clnu.2025.03.018
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C2 - 40222089
AN - SCOPUS:105002372414
SN - 0261-5614
VL - 49
SP - 11
EP - 20
JO - Clinical Nutrition
JF - Clinical Nutrition
ER -
SDG 2 Zero Hunger
SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being