The Expander Hitting Property When the Sets Are Arbitrarily Unbalanced

Numerous works have studied the probability that a length t − 1 random walk on an expander is confined to a given rectangle S1 × . . . × St, providing both upper and lower bounds for this probability. However, when the densities of the sets Si may depend on the walk length (e.g., when all set are equal and the density is 1 − 1/t), the currently best known upper and lower bounds are very far from each other. We give an improved confinement lower bound that almost matches the upper bound. We also study the more general question, of how well random walks fool various classes of test functions. Recently, Golowich and Vadhan proved that random walks on λ-expanders fool Boolean, symmetric functions up to a O(λ) error in total variation distance, with no dependence on the labeling bias. Our techniques extend this result to cases not covered by it, e.g., to functions testing confinement to S1 × . . . × St, where each set Si either has density ρ or 1 − ρ, for arbitrary ρ. Technique-wise, we extend Beck’s framework for analyzing what is often referred to as the “flow” of linear operators, reducing it to bounding the entries of a product of 2 × 2 matrices.