TY - JOUR
T1 - The Association between Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
AU - Merzon, Eugene
AU - Magen, Eli
AU - Ashkenazi, Shai
AU - Weizman, Abraham
AU - Manor, Iris
AU - Krone, Beth
AU - Green, Ilan
AU - Golan-Cohen, Avivit
AU - Vinker, Shlomo
AU - Faraone, Stephen V.
AU - Israel, Ariel
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 by the authors.
PY - 2023/12
Y1 - 2023/12
N2 - Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, impacting 4.9% of the population and more prevalent in Mediterranean communities, is a common enzymopathy with potential relevance to Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study investigated this association. Methods: The clinical characteristics of 7473 G6PD-deficient patients and 29,892 matched case–controls (selected at a 1:4 ratio) from a cohort of 1,031,354 within the Leumit Health Services database were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and the Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables. Results: In total, 68.7% were male. The mean duration of follow-up was 14.3 ± 6.2 years at a mean age of 29.2 ± 22.3 years. G6PD deficiency was associated with an increased risk of being diagnosed with ADHD (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.16 [95% CI, 1.08–1.25], p < 0.001), seeking care from adult neurologists (OR = 1.30 [95% CI, 1.22–1.38], p < 0.001), and consulting adult psychiatrists (OR = 1.12 [95% CI, 1.01–1.24], p = 0.048). The use of stimulant medications among G6PD-deficient individuals was 17% higher for the methylphenidate class of drugs (OR = 1.17 [95% CI, 1.08, 1.27], p < 0.001), and there was a 16% elevated risk for amphetamine use (OR = 1.16 [95% CI, 1.03, 1.37], p = 0.047). Conclusions: G6PD deficiency signals an increased risk of ADHD diagnosis, more severe presentations of ADHD and a greater need for psychiatric medications to treat ADHD.
AB - Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, impacting 4.9% of the population and more prevalent in Mediterranean communities, is a common enzymopathy with potential relevance to Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study investigated this association. Methods: The clinical characteristics of 7473 G6PD-deficient patients and 29,892 matched case–controls (selected at a 1:4 ratio) from a cohort of 1,031,354 within the Leumit Health Services database were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and the Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables. Results: In total, 68.7% were male. The mean duration of follow-up was 14.3 ± 6.2 years at a mean age of 29.2 ± 22.3 years. G6PD deficiency was associated with an increased risk of being diagnosed with ADHD (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.16 [95% CI, 1.08–1.25], p < 0.001), seeking care from adult neurologists (OR = 1.30 [95% CI, 1.22–1.38], p < 0.001), and consulting adult psychiatrists (OR = 1.12 [95% CI, 1.01–1.24], p = 0.048). The use of stimulant medications among G6PD-deficient individuals was 17% higher for the methylphenidate class of drugs (OR = 1.17 [95% CI, 1.08, 1.27], p < 0.001), and there was a 16% elevated risk for amphetamine use (OR = 1.16 [95% CI, 1.03, 1.37], p = 0.047). Conclusions: G6PD deficiency signals an increased risk of ADHD diagnosis, more severe presentations of ADHD and a greater need for psychiatric medications to treat ADHD.
KW - attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
KW - glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
KW - mental health
KW - neurodevelopmental disorder
KW - neuroinflammation
KW - oxidative stress
KW - somatic
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85178948649&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/nu15234948
DO - 10.3390/nu15234948
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C2 - 38068806
AN - SCOPUS:85178948649
SN - 2072-6643
VL - 15
JO - Nutrients
JF - Nutrients
IS - 23
M1 - 4948
ER -