TY - JOUR
T1 - Technology and trade
AU - Grossman, Gene M.
AU - Helpman, Elhanan
N1 - Funding Information:
0. Introduction 1. Exogenous technology 1.1. The Ricardian model 1.2. Technology gaps 1.3. Product cycles 1.4. Many factors of production 1.5. Technical progress and national welfare 2. Learning by doing 2.1. Complete international spillovers 2.2. National spillovers 2.3. Inter-industry spillovers 2.4. Industry clusters 2.5. Bounded learning 2.6. Technological leapfrogging 3. Innovation 3.1. Economies due to increasing specialization 3.2. International knowledge stocks 3.3. National knowledge stocks 3.4. Process innovation and quality ladders *We thank Jim Anderson, Pranab Bardhan, John Black, Jon Eaton, and Jim Markusen for their comments and suggestions, and the National Science Foundation and the U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation for financial support. Grossman also thanks the John S. Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, the Sumitomo Bank Fund, the Daiwa Bank Fund, and the Center of International Studies at Princeton University.
PY - 1995/1/1
Y1 - 1995/1/1
N2 - This chapter discusses some aspects of technology and its impact on trade and economy. It provides a unified and synthetic treatment of various models so that their common elements can be appreciated and their essential distinguishing features can be understood. This chapter is divided into four sections. The first one reviews the literature that takes technology as exogenous and examines the implications of productivity differences for trade patterns and the effects of technical change on outputs and welfare. Sections 2 and 3 treat dynamic models in which the evolution of technology is endogenous. In Section 2, technological progress is viewed as an accidental byproduct of production activities, while in Section 3 it results from deliberate investment. The various sub-sections explore the implications of alternative assumptions about the form of industrial innovation and the nature of technological spillovers. The last section presents a discussion of the effects of trade and industrial policies, of trade based on imitation in a setting of imperfectly-protected intellectual property rights, and of direct foreign investment and international licensing as vehicles for technology transfer.
AB - This chapter discusses some aspects of technology and its impact on trade and economy. It provides a unified and synthetic treatment of various models so that their common elements can be appreciated and their essential distinguishing features can be understood. This chapter is divided into four sections. The first one reviews the literature that takes technology as exogenous and examines the implications of productivity differences for trade patterns and the effects of technical change on outputs and welfare. Sections 2 and 3 treat dynamic models in which the evolution of technology is endogenous. In Section 2, technological progress is viewed as an accidental byproduct of production activities, while in Section 3 it results from deliberate investment. The various sub-sections explore the implications of alternative assumptions about the form of industrial innovation and the nature of technological spillovers. The last section presents a discussion of the effects of trade and industrial policies, of trade based on imitation in a setting of imperfectly-protected intellectual property rights, and of direct foreign investment and international licensing as vehicles for technology transfer.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=77956845504&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/S1573-4404(05)80005-X
DO - 10.1016/S1573-4404(05)80005-X
M3 - ???researchoutput.researchoutputtypes.contributiontojournal.systematicreview???
AN - SCOPUS:77956845504
SN - 1573-4404
VL - 3
SP - 1279
EP - 1337
JO - Handbook of International Economics
JF - Handbook of International Economics
IS - C
ER -