Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Observing Run

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration; The KAGRA Collaboration

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749

Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Observing Run

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration, The KAGRA Collaboration

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received with low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum-likelihood Non-imaging Transient Reconstruction and Temporal Search pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15–350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10⁻³ Hz, we compute the GW–BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers.

Original language	English
Article number	207
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	980
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749
State	Published - 20 Feb 2025
Externally published	Yes

Funding

Funders	Funder number
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India
Ministry of Education, India
Australian Research Council
ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research
Albert Ellis Institute
National Research Foundation of Korea
Hungarian Scientific Research Fund
Narodowe Centrum Nauki
Scottish Universities Physics Alliance
National Science Foundation
OTKA
Science and Technology Facilities Council
Scottish Funding Council
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Israel Science Foundation
Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
French Lyon Institute of Origins
Leverhulme Trust
Comunitat Auton`oma de les Illes Balears
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information
Science and Engineering Research Board
Generalitat de Catalunya
Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
European Union NextGenerationEU
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Kavli Foundation
US-Israel Binational Science Fund
Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal
Actions de Recherche Concert ÅLees
European Commission
European Social Fund Plus
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek – Vlaanderen
U.S. Department of Energy
International Council of Shopping Centers
Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations
Agencia Estatal de Investigación
Bloom's Syndrome Foundation
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee
Academia Sinica
AS Grid Center
Russian Science Foundation
National Science and Technology Council
College of Natural Resources and Sciences, Humboldt State University
Advanced Technology Center
State of Niedersachsen
Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej
Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci ÅLon y Universidades
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
Royal Society
National Research Foundation
Ministry of Science and ICT
Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki
Generalitat Valenciana
University of Tokyo
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
National Natural Science Foundation of China
PRTR	PRTR-C17
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science	17H06133, JP20H05854, JP17H06361, JP17H06364, 20A203, JP17H06358, 20H05639
National Aeronautics and Space Administration	80NSSC19K0408, NAS5-0136, 80NSSC22K1498
European Regional Development Fund	2021-2027
Tourist Stay Tax Law	ITS 2017-006

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10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749

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@article{07069fe0b370495898222cd8714614b4,

title = "Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Observing Run",

abstract = "We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received with low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum-likelihood Non-imaging Transient Reconstruction and Temporal Search pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15–350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10−3 Hz, we compute the GW–BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers.",

author = "{The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration} and {The KAGRA Collaboration} and Gayathri Raman and Samuele Ronchini and James Delaunay and Aaron Tohuvavohu and Kennea, {Jamie A.} and Tyler Parsotan and Elena Ambrosi and Bernardini, {Maria Grazia} and Sergio Campana and Giancarlo Cusumano and Antonino D'A{\`i} and Paolo D'Avanzo and Valerio D'Elia and {De Pasquale}, Massimiliano and Simone Dichiara and Phil Evans and Dieter Hartmann and Paul Kuin and Andrea Melandri and Paul O{\textquoteright}Brien and Osborne, {Julian P.} and Kim Page and Palmer, {David M.} and Boris Sbarufatti and Gianpiero Tagliaferri and Eleonora Troja and Abac, {A. G.} and R. Abbott and H. Abe and I. Abouelfettouh and F. Acernese and K. Ackley and C. Adamcewicz and S. Adhicary and N. Adhikari and Adhikari, {R. X.} and Adkins, {V. K.} and Adya, {V. B.} and C. Affeldt and D. Agarwal and M. Agathos and Aguiar, {O. D.} and I. Aguilar and L. Aiello and A. Ain and T. Akutsu and S. Albanesi and Alfaidi, {R. A.} and A. Al-Jodah and J. Scheuer",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.",

year = "2025",

month = feb,

day = "20",

doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749",

language = "אנגלית",

volume = "980",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

issn = "0004-637X",

publisher = "American Astronomical Society",

number = "2",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Observing Run

AU - The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration

AU - The KAGRA Collaboration

AU - Raman, Gayathri

AU - Ronchini, Samuele

AU - Delaunay, James

AU - Tohuvavohu, Aaron

AU - Kennea, Jamie A.

AU - Parsotan, Tyler

AU - Ambrosi, Elena

AU - Bernardini, Maria Grazia

AU - Campana, Sergio

AU - Cusumano, Giancarlo

AU - D'Aì, Antonino

AU - D'Avanzo, Paolo

AU - D'Elia, Valerio

AU - De Pasquale, Massimiliano

AU - Dichiara, Simone

AU - Evans, Phil

AU - Hartmann, Dieter

AU - Kuin, Paul

AU - Melandri, Andrea

AU - O’Brien, Paul

AU - Osborne, Julian P.

AU - Page, Kim

AU - Palmer, David M.

AU - Sbarufatti, Boris

AU - Tagliaferri, Gianpiero

AU - Troja, Eleonora

AU - Abac, A. G.

AU - Abbott, R.

AU - Abe, H.

AU - Abouelfettouh, I.

AU - Acernese, F.

AU - Ackley, K.

AU - Adamcewicz, C.

AU - Adhicary, S.

AU - Adhikari, N.

AU - Adhikari, R. X.

AU - Adkins, V. K.

AU - Adya, V. B.

AU - Affeldt, C.

AU - Agarwal, D.

AU - Agathos, M.

AU - Aguiar, O. D.

AU - Aguilar, I.

AU - Aiello, L.

AU - Ain, A.

AU - Akutsu, T.

AU - Albanesi, S.

AU - Alfaidi, R. A.

AU - Al-Jodah, A.

AU - Scheuer, J.

PY - 2025/2/20

Y1 - 2025/2/20

N2 - We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received with low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum-likelihood Non-imaging Transient Reconstruction and Temporal Search pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15–350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10−3 Hz, we compute the GW–BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers.

AB - We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received with low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum-likelihood Non-imaging Transient Reconstruction and Temporal Search pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15–350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10−3 Hz, we compute the GW–BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers.

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U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749

DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749

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AN - SCOPUS:85219630308

SN - 0004-637X

VL - 980

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 2

M1 - 207

ER -

Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Observing Run

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