Surgical and nonsurgical treatment options for pediatric neurogenic bladder

The treatment of children with neurogenic bladder has evolved from the simple wearing of diapers and applying abdominal stoma, to better understanding of the bladder pathophysiology, and the introduction into clinical practice of the principles of clean intermittent catheterization, artificial sphincter implantation, continent urinary conduits and a wide spectrum of medications that modulate the function of the lower urinary tracts. In this review we discuss the recent developments in the medical therapy of children with neurogenic bladders, examine the surgical options, and briefly refer to the future perspectives for the management of this group of patients.