Scaling and Ginzburg criteria for critical bifurcations in nonequilibrium reacting systems

Critical conditions are obtained for bifurcation phenomena in nonequilibrium systems (chemical instabilities) which are appropriate for transitions between homogeneous steady states as well as for symmetry-breaking transitions to static structures. In the case of symmetry-breaking instabilities these criteria enable the theory to be applied to systems in any number of spatial dimensions, eliminating a restriction to one-dimensional systems encountered in other treatments. These critical conditions allow for the derivation of time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL)-type equations for the critical-mode amplitude (the order parameter) that grows into the new macrostate beyond the critical point. For homogeneous transitions the usual TDGL equation is obtained. For the case of intrinsic symmetry breaking, TDGL equations are found for coupled order parameters corresponding to different directions in k space. In both the intrinsic and the extrinsic cases the TDGL equations are found to have nonlinear transport terms. When the TDGL equations are turned into Langevin equations, Ginzburg criteria (defining the region where meanfield theory breaks down) are derived. The critical dimensionality thus determined is 4 for homogeneous and intrinsic symmetry-breaking transitions, and 6 for the extrinsic symmetry-breaking case (under given mild technical conditions). Expressions for the size of the nonclassical critical regions are obtained for the different transitions in terms of characteristic parameters. For chemical instabilities these regions are in principle accessible.