Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease and other malignancies

LTx has become an essential therapeutic option for end-stage lung disease, offering an enhanced survival outcome over time. However, LTRs face a significantly increased risk of malignancies compared with the general population. This susceptibility is primarily attributed to the immunocompromised state that is induced by chronic immunosuppressive therapies and underlying lung disease. This chapter outlines the current epidemiology and risk factors associated with the most prevalent malignancies in LTRs, encompassing non-melanoma skin cancer and lung cancer, with a specific focus on post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. The pathogenesis and modern treatment approaches for these malignancies are also discussed. As LTRs have a high cancer risk and there are no specific screening guidelines for this population, careful monitoring of potential risk factors and individualised management strategies are crucial for early diagnosis and treatment, which may enhance long-term outcome.