Penetration of theophylline and adenosine into excised human skin from binary and ternary vehicles: Effect of a nonionic surfactant

A nonionic surfactant, diethyleneglycol lauryl ether (PEG‐2‐L), increases the flux of either theophylline or adenosine by a factor of 2.2–2.7, when these are delivered from propionic acid solutions into human skin samples, with respect to propionic acid alone. At the same time, the flux of propionic acid from the same vehicles is decreased. Significant expansion of the partial molal volumes v_i of both purines occurs following incorporation of PEG‐2‐L into their propionic acid solution. Hence, the enhancing effect of this surfactant arises mainly from an increase in the excess free energy of these solutes in the donor phase (“push” effect). Paraffin oil increases the flux of either drug from propionic acid by an entirely different mechanism. It enhances the flux of propionic acid into the skin, thus promoting the partitioning of the purine solute in the modified skin barrier (“pull” effect). Indeed, the magnitude of v_i of either purine in propionic acid:paraffin oil solution gives no indication of a significant interaction between paraffin oil and the purine solute. Finally, the penetration enhancing effects of PEG‐2‐L and paraffin oil combined together in the same propionic acid vehicle are additive, resulting in a flux which is approximately the sum total of fluxes obtained separately with PEG‐2‐L or paraffin oil.