Pelvic inflammatory disease after oocyte retrieval

The appearance of PID at the critical time of implantation results in failure to conceive. This effect may be mediated by: bacterial endotoxins; local inflammatory reaction against bacteria with the involvement of cytokines and their effect on implantation and early embryonic development; or the direct effect of temperature elevation on the conceptus. However, because the role of prophylactic antibiotic is still controversial, in order to prevent total failure, cryopreservation and ET in subsequent cycles should be considered in cases when PID develops before ET. However, if PID develops after ET, rigorous treatment of bacterial infection and temperature elevation, together with manipulation of the immune system which is yet under investigation, may prevent reproductive failure.