Peak oxygen consumption by smartwatches compared with cardiopulmonary exercise test in complex congenital heart disease

Objective To evaluate for correlation between exercise capacity as assessed by peak oxygen consumption (pVO 2) measurement during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and smartwatches reporting this parameter in patients with adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) complex lesions. Methods A prospective study that included patients with ACHD either a Fontan circulation or a right ventricle supporting the systemic circulation who underwent two separate CPETs at least 1 year apart. Generalised estimating equations linear regression was performed to identify factors associated with correlation between smartwatch and CPET-derived pVO 2. Results 48 patients (71% with a Fontan circulation, 42% females, mean age 33±9 years) underwent two CPETs between May 2018 and May 2022 with echocardiograms performed within 6 months of each CPET. Apple Watch was the predominant smartwatch used (79%). Smartwatch and CPET measured peak heart rate (Pearson correlation=0.932, 95% CI (0.899, 0.954)) and pVO 2 (0.8627, 95% CI (0.8007, 0.9064) and 0.8634, 95% CI (0.7676, 0.9215) in the first and second CPET, respectively) correlated well, with smartwatch-measured pVO 2 values measuring higher by a mean of 3.146 mL/kg/min (95% CI (2.559, 3.732)). Changes in pVO 2 between the first and the second CPET also correlated well (Pearson correlation=0.9165, 95% CI (0.8549, 0.9525)), indicating that for every 1 mL/(min kg) change in CPET-measured pVO 2, there was a corresponding 0.896 mL/(min kg) change in the smartwatch-measured pVO 2. Conclusion Both absolute values and changes over time in pVO 2 as measured by smartwatches and CPETs correlate well in patients with complex ACHD.