Micromagnetometry of two-dimensional ferromagnets

M. Kim; P. Kumaravadivel; J. Birkbeck; W. Kuang; S. G. Xu; D. G. Hopkinson; J. Knolle; P. A. McClarty; A. I. Berdyugin; M. Ben Shalom; R. V. Gorbachev; S. J. Haigh; S. Liu; J. H. Edgar; K. S. Novoselov; I. V. Grigorieva; A. K. Geim

doi:10.1038/s41928-019-0302-6

Micromagnetometry of two-dimensional ferromagnets

M. Kim^*, P. Kumaravadivel, J. Birkbeck, W. Kuang, S. G. Xu, D. G. Hopkinson, J. Knolle, P. A. McClarty, A. I. Berdyugin, M. Ben Shalom, R. V. Gorbachev, S. J. Haigh, S. Liu, J. H. Edgar, K. S. Novoselov, I. V. Grigorieva, A. K. Geim

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

117 Scopus citations

Abstract

The study of atomically thin ferromagnetic crystals has led to the discovery of unusual magnetic behaviour and provided insight into the magnetic properties of bulk materials. However, the experimental techniques that have been used to explore ferromagnetism in such materials cannot probe the magnetic field directly. Here, we show that ballistic Hall micromagnetometry can be used to measure the magnetization of individual two-dimensional ferromagnets. Our devices are made by van der Waals assembly in such a way that the investigated ferromagnetic crystal is placed on top of a multi-terminal Hall bar made from encapsulated graphene. We use the micromagnetometry technique to study atomically thin chromium tribromide (CrBr₃). We find that the material remains ferromagnetic down to monolayer thickness and exhibits strong out-of-plane anisotropy. We also find that the magnetic response of CrBr₃ varies little with the number of layers and its temperature dependence cannot be described by the simple Ising model of two-dimensional ferromagnetism.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	457-463
Number of pages	7
Journal	Nature Electronics
Volume	2
Issue number	10
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-019-0302-6
State	Published - 1 Oct 2019
Externally published	Yes

Funding

Funders	Funder number
Lloyd's Register Foundation
Graphene NowNANO Doctoral Training Programme
Register Foundation
European Commission
European Research Council
National Sleep Foundation
Seventh Framework Programme	319277, 1538127
National Science Foundation	CMMI 1538127, 1538127
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council	EP/K005014/1
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme	786532, 785219
National Research Foundation of Korea	2018R1A6A3A03010943

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Kim, M., Kumaravadivel, P., Birkbeck, J., Kuang, W., Xu, S. G., Hopkinson, D. G., Knolle, J., McClarty, P. A., Berdyugin, A. I., Ben Shalom, M., Gorbachev, R. V., Haigh, S. J., Liu, S., Edgar, J. H., Novoselov, K. S., Grigorieva, I. V., & Geim, A. K. (2019). Micromagnetometry of two-dimensional ferromagnets. Nature Electronics, 2(10), 457-463. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-019-0302-6

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author = "M. Kim and P. Kumaravadivel and J. Birkbeck and W. Kuang and Xu, {S. G.} and Hopkinson, {D. G.} and J. Knolle and McClarty, {P. A.} and Berdyugin, {A. I.} and {Ben Shalom}, M. and Gorbachev, {R. V.} and Haigh, {S. J.} and S. Liu and Edgar, {J. H.} and Novoselov, {K. S.} and Grigorieva, {I. V.} and Geim, {A. K.}",

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AU - Gorbachev, R. V.

AU - Haigh, S. J.

AU - Liu, S.

AU - Edgar, J. H.

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AU - Grigorieva, I. V.

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AB - The study of atomically thin ferromagnetic crystals has led to the discovery of unusual magnetic behaviour and provided insight into the magnetic properties of bulk materials. However, the experimental techniques that have been used to explore ferromagnetism in such materials cannot probe the magnetic field directly. Here, we show that ballistic Hall micromagnetometry can be used to measure the magnetization of individual two-dimensional ferromagnets. Our devices are made by van der Waals assembly in such a way that the investigated ferromagnetic crystal is placed on top of a multi-terminal Hall bar made from encapsulated graphene. We use the micromagnetometry technique to study atomically thin chromium tribromide (CrBr3). We find that the material remains ferromagnetic down to monolayer thickness and exhibits strong out-of-plane anisotropy. We also find that the magnetic response of CrBr3 varies little with the number of layers and its temperature dependence cannot be described by the simple Ising model of two-dimensional ferromagnetism.

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Micromagnetometry of two-dimensional ferromagnets

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