Abstract
There is a lack of appropriate melanoma models that can be used to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutic modalities. Here, we discuss the current state of the art of melanoma models including genetically engineered mouse, patient-derived xenograft, zebrafish, and ex vivo and in vitro models. We also identify five major challenges that can be addressed using such models, including metastasis and tumor dormancy, drug resistance, the melanoma immune response, and the impact of aging and environmental exposures on melanoma progression and drug resistance. Additionally, we discuss the opportunity for building models for rare subtypes of melanomas, which represent an unmet critical need. Finally, we identify key recommendations for melanoma models that may improve accuracy of preclinical testing and predict efficacy in clinical trials, to help usher in the next generation of melanoma therapies.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 610-631 |
| Number of pages | 22 |
| Journal | Cancer Cell |
| Volume | 39 |
| Issue number | 5 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - 10 May 2021 |
Funding
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| “la Caixa” Foundation | |
| Ernst-Jung-Stiftung | |
| Carreras Foundation | |
| Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung Project Oncoattract | |
| Melanoma Research Alliance | |
| Carolina Biologicals | |
| Fritz-Bender-Stiftung | |
| Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog?a of Mexico | |
| Dermatology Foundation | |
| Le Fonds de dotation de La Société Française de Dermatologie | |
| Alan and Sandra Gerry Metastasis Research Initiative | |
| Fate Therapeutics | |
| Pershing Square Foundation | |
| Albert Einstein Cancer Center | |
| Bristol Myers Squibb-Melanoma Research Alliance | |
| Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek | |
| Sokoloff Family-Melanoma Research Alliance-Established | |
| Melanoma Research Alliance-Society | |
| Amanda and Jonatan Eilian-Melanoma Research Alliance | |
| National Institutes of Health | |
| Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft | |
| ARMOR-T | |
| European Commission | |
| Cancer Research UK | |
| Pigment Cell and Melanoma Research | |
| José-Carreras Foundation | |
| Mark Foundation For Cancer Research | |
| Institut National du Cancer | |
| Director's New Innovator award | |
| Heritage Foundation | |
| Wellcome Sanger Institute | |
| Army Research Office | |
| EDIReX | |
| Institute of Cancer Research | |
| Pangea Therapeutics | |
| Intramural Research Program | |
| Director's Innovation award | |
| MRF Mucosal Melanoma | |
| Fundaci?n ? | |
| Harry J. Lloyd Foundation | |
| AstraZeneca | |
| Camp4 Therapeutics | |
| Leveraged Finance Fights Melanoma-Melanoma Research Alliance | |
| Stichting Tegen Kanker | |
| Horizon 2020 | |
| Melanoma Research | 623591 |
| Saban Family Foundation-Melanoma Research Alliance Team Science | R01GM101171, 402792, R21ES032305 |
| Helman Family-Melanoma Research Alliance Team Science | 559058, INCa_10573 |
| Medical Research Council | MR/S01473X/1 |
| National Institute of General Medical Sciences | R01GM071725, R01GM101171 |
| National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases | R01AR070234 |
| KU Leuven | 100282/Z/12/Z, A22902, A27412, ERC-ADG-2014 671262, C5759/A29061 |
| University of California for Braf | V600E |
| UM Cure | CA042014, 667787 |
| Horizon 2020 Framework Programme | 731105, 671262, 770854 |
| Wellcome Trust | 100282 |
| Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología of Mexico | A1-S-30165, A3-S-31603, IA202020 |
| National Cancer Institute | P01CA128814, P50CA217694, R37CA240914, DP2CA186572, R01CA196566, U01CA233096, R01CA216101, R01CA196660, R01CA212376, R01CA232246, R01CA240633, R01CA237213, R01CA215733, R01CA216846, R01CA238163, U01CA238728, R35CA197465, R13CA250294, R01CA226888, P30CA042014, R01CA229215, R01CA228216, R01CA121118, R01CA253977, P01CA206980, R01CA244660, R01CA207935, R01CA232256, R01CA103846, P30CA016359, R01CA196278, ZIABC011167, R01CA238317, R03CA227349, R01CA238237, P01CA114046, R01CA182635, P50CA121974, P30CA008748, K22CA197058, DP2CA174499, P30CA010815, R01CA176839, U54CA224070, R01CA204002 |
| Anna-Maria and Stephen Kellen Foundation-Melanoma Research Alliance Team Science | 687306 |
| MRC HGU | MC_UU_00007/9, ZF-MEL-CHEMBIO-648489 |
| Starr Cancer Consortium | R37CA240914 |
| Exelixis | 62/654,025 |
| American Cancer Society | RSG-18-169-01-LIB |
| National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences | R21ES032305 |
| Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation | SAF2017-89533-R |
| Huntsman Cancer Foundation | K22CA197058, R03CA227349 |
| Academy of Medical Sciences Newton | NAF/R2/180782 |
| Cycle for Survival Fund | U54 CA224070, R01 CA238237 |
| Melanoma Research Alliance-Established | P30 CA010815, W81XWH2010356, R01CA207935, R01 CA226888, R01 CA215733, 622106, R01 CA2322456 |
| Harry J. Lloyd Charitable Trust | R01CA240633 |
| European Research Council | 756017 |
| Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation | R01 CA121118 |
| NIH NCI | R01CA238163 |
| Pfizer | 9880150 |
| Melanoma Research Alliance Acral Melanoma Team Science | R01GM071725, 579152 |
| Cancer Biology | R01 CA103846, P01CA63222 |
| H2020 Program of the European Union | 955575 |
| DoD CDMRP | DP2 CA174499, W81XWH2010288, P50 CA217694, R01 CA228216 |
| U.S. Department of Defense | CA190267, NF170044, CA170628 |
| McCollum Endowed Chair | DP2CA186572, R01CA238317, R01CA229215 |
UN SDGs
This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
-
SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being
Keywords
- animal models
- drug discovery
- immunotherapy
- melanoma
- targeted therapy
- therapeutics
- tumor microenvironment
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