Melanoma models for the next generation of therapies

E. Elizabeth Patton*, Kristen L. Mueller*, David J. Adams, Niroshana Anandasabapathy, Andrew E. Aplin, Corine Bertolotto, Marcus Bosenberg, Craig J. Ceol, Christin E. Burd, Ping Chi, Meenhard Herlyn, Sheri L. Holmen, Florian A. Karreth, Charles K. Kaufman, Shaheen Khan, Sebastian Kobold, Eleonora Leucci, Carmit Levy, David B. Lombard, Amanda W. LundKerrie L. Marie, Jean Christophe Marine, Richard Marais, Martin McMahon, Carla Daniela Robles-Espinoza, Ze'ev A. Ronai, Yardena Samuels, Maria S. Soengas, Jessie Villanueva, Ashani T. Weeraratna, Richard M. White, Iwei Yeh, Jiyue Zhu, Leonard I. Zon, Marc S. Hurlbert, Glenn Merlino*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

118 Scopus citations

Abstract

There is a lack of appropriate melanoma models that can be used to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutic modalities. Here, we discuss the current state of the art of melanoma models including genetically engineered mouse, patient-derived xenograft, zebrafish, and ex vivo and in vitro models. We also identify five major challenges that can be addressed using such models, including metastasis and tumor dormancy, drug resistance, the melanoma immune response, and the impact of aging and environmental exposures on melanoma progression and drug resistance. Additionally, we discuss the opportunity for building models for rare subtypes of melanomas, which represent an unmet critical need. Finally, we identify key recommendations for melanoma models that may improve accuracy of preclinical testing and predict efficacy in clinical trials, to help usher in the next generation of melanoma therapies.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)610-631
Number of pages22
JournalCancer Cell
Volume39
Issue number5
DOIs
StatePublished - 10 May 2021

Funding

FundersFunder number
“la Caixa” Foundation
Ernst-Jung-Stiftung
Carreras Foundation
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung Project Oncoattract
Melanoma Research Alliance
Carolina Biologicals
Fritz-Bender-Stiftung
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog?a of Mexico
Dermatology Foundation
Le Fonds de dotation de La Société Française de Dermatologie
Alan and Sandra Gerry Metastasis Research Initiative
Fate Therapeutics
Pershing Square Foundation
Albert Einstein Cancer Center
Bristol Myers Squibb-Melanoma Research Alliance
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Sokoloff Family-Melanoma Research Alliance-Established
Melanoma Research Alliance-Society
Amanda and Jonatan Eilian-Melanoma Research Alliance
National Institutes of Health
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
ARMOR-T
European Commission
Cancer Research UK
Pigment Cell and Melanoma Research
José-Carreras Foundation
Mark Foundation For Cancer Research
Director's New Innovator award
Heritage Foundation
Wellcome Sanger Institute
Army Research Office
EDIReX
Institute of Cancer Research
Pangea Therapeutics
Intramural Research Program
Director's Innovation award
MRF Mucosal Melanoma
Fundaci?n ?
Harry J. Lloyd Foundation
AstraZeneca
Camp4 Therapeutics
Leveraged Finance Fights Melanoma-Melanoma Research Alliance
Stichting Tegen Kanker
Horizon 2020
Medical Research CouncilMR/S01473X/1
National Cancer InstituteP50CA217694, P01CA128814, R37CA240914, R01CA196566, DP2CA186572, U01CA233096, R01CA216101, R01CA196660, R01CA232246, R01CA212376, R01CA240633, R01CA237213, R01CA215733, R01CA216846, U01CA238728, R01CA238163, R35CA197465, R13CA250294, R01CA226888, P30CA042014, R01CA229215, R01CA228216, R01CA121118, P01CA206980, R01CA253977, R01CA244660, R01CA207935, R01CA232256, R01CA103846, P30CA016359, R01CA196278, ZIABC011167, R01CA238317, R03CA227349, R01CA238237, P01CA114046, R01CA182635, P50CA121974, P30CA008748, K22CA197058, DP2CA174499, P30CA010815, R01CA176839, U54CA224070, R01CA204002
National Institute of General Medical SciencesR01GM071725, R01GM101171
National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesR21ES032305
U.S. Department of DefenseCA190267, NF170044, CA170628
Melanoma Research Alliance Acral Melanoma Team ScienceR01GM071725, 579152
Pfizer9880150
Saban Family Foundation-Melanoma Research Alliance Team ScienceR01GM101171, 402792, R21ES032305
American Cancer SocietyRSG-18-169-01-LIB
Starr Cancer ConsortiumR37CA240914
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme731105, 671262, 770854
University of California for BrafV600E
Academy of Medical Sciences NewtonNAF/R2/180782
Exelixis62/654,025
NIH NCIR01CA238163
Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research FoundationR01 CA121118
Huntsman Cancer FoundationK22CA197058, R03CA227349
Harry J. Lloyd Charitable TrustR01CA240633
Helman Family-Melanoma Research Alliance Team Science559058, INCa_10573
Spanish Ministry of Economy and InnovationSAF2017-89533-R
Melanoma Research623591
Wellcome Trust100282
KU Leuven100282/Z/12/Z, A22902, A27412, ERC-ADG-2014 671262, C5759/A29061
Melanoma Research Alliance-EstablishedP30 CA010815, W81XWH2010356, R01CA207935, R01 CA226888, R01 CA215733, 622106, R01 CA2322456
UM CureCA042014, 667787
Anna-Maria and Stephen Kellen Foundation-Melanoma Research Alliance Team Science687306
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin DiseasesR01AR070234
MRC HGUMC_UU_00007/9, ZF-MEL-CHEMBIO-648489
McCollum Endowed ChairDP2CA186572, R01CA238317, R01CA229215
DoD CDMRPDP2 CA174499, W81XWH2010288, P50 CA217694, R01 CA228216
Cycle for Survival FundU54 CA224070, R01 CA238237
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología of MexicoA1-S-30165, A3-S-31603, IA202020
H2020 Program of the European Union955575
Cancer BiologyR01 CA103846, P01CA63222
European Research Council756017

    Keywords

    • animal models
    • drug discovery
    • immunotherapy
    • melanoma
    • targeted therapy
    • therapeutics
    • tumor microenvironment

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