TY - JOUR
T1 - Leaf fluctuating asymmetry is not a reliable indicator of stress
AU - Májeková, Maria
AU - Springer, Bettina
AU - Ferenc, Viktoria
AU - Gruntman, Michal
AU - Tielbörger, Katja
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Authors. Functional Ecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society.
PY - 2024/6
Y1 - 2024/6
N2 - Stress experienced during development in organisms with bilateral structures could result in developmental instability, which is expressed as subtle non-directional deviations from perfect symmetry, known as fluctuating asymmetry (FA). As such, FA has been proposed, and extensively used, as a trait indicating stress for many organisms with bilateral structures and many types of stress. However, while this concept may apply to animals, the evidence for plants' main vegetative structures, that is, leaves, remains equivocal, and a comprehensive synthesis on this topic is still missing. We designed observational field and controlled greenhouse studies, combining different growth and leaf forms across multiple stress gradients, comprising 21 species and 80 populations. We measured FA as the difference between the left and right area of the leaf, an approach that accommodates diverse leaf forms. We used high-precision, blind, single-person measurements and tested for other forms of symmetry and the effect of leaf size. We further complemented our study with a systematic literature review of FA in plant leaves, compiling 51 studies comprising 72 species, 23 stress types and 131 unique entries (species × stress type). We consistently found no effect of stress on leaf FA in any of the studied species in both our field and experimental gradients. In the systematic literature review, only 39% of the unique entries showed the expected increase in FA with stress, 53% showed no effect, 9% showed an opposite trend of a decrease in FA with stress and 1% showed a unimodal relationship. Importantly, only 40% of all entries fulfilled the crucial step of controlling for a high-precision measurement, and of these 49% reported the expected increase in FA with stress. Both the results of our observational and experimental approaches and the systematic literature review failed to support a clear relationship between stress and FA in plant leaves. These results clearly show that FA in plant leaves cannot be used as a reliable trait indicating stress during development. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
AB - Stress experienced during development in organisms with bilateral structures could result in developmental instability, which is expressed as subtle non-directional deviations from perfect symmetry, known as fluctuating asymmetry (FA). As such, FA has been proposed, and extensively used, as a trait indicating stress for many organisms with bilateral structures and many types of stress. However, while this concept may apply to animals, the evidence for plants' main vegetative structures, that is, leaves, remains equivocal, and a comprehensive synthesis on this topic is still missing. We designed observational field and controlled greenhouse studies, combining different growth and leaf forms across multiple stress gradients, comprising 21 species and 80 populations. We measured FA as the difference between the left and right area of the leaf, an approach that accommodates diverse leaf forms. We used high-precision, blind, single-person measurements and tested for other forms of symmetry and the effect of leaf size. We further complemented our study with a systematic literature review of FA in plant leaves, compiling 51 studies comprising 72 species, 23 stress types and 131 unique entries (species × stress type). We consistently found no effect of stress on leaf FA in any of the studied species in both our field and experimental gradients. In the systematic literature review, only 39% of the unique entries showed the expected increase in FA with stress, 53% showed no effect, 9% showed an opposite trend of a decrease in FA with stress and 1% showed a unimodal relationship. Importantly, only 40% of all entries fulfilled the crucial step of controlling for a high-precision measurement, and of these 49% reported the expected increase in FA with stress. Both the results of our observational and experimental approaches and the systematic literature review failed to support a clear relationship between stress and FA in plant leaves. These results clearly show that FA in plant leaves cannot be used as a reliable trait indicating stress during development. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
KW - bioindicator
KW - developmental instability
KW - environmental stress gradients
KW - fluctuating asymmetry
KW - high-precision measurements
KW - plant leaves
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85192149209&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1111/1365-2435.14564
DO - 10.1111/1365-2435.14564
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AN - SCOPUS:85192149209
SN - 0269-8463
VL - 38
SP - 1447
EP - 1457
JO - Functional Ecology
JF - Functional Ecology
IS - 6
ER -