Leaf fluctuating asymmetry is not a reliable indicator of stress

Maria Májeková*, Bettina Springer, Viktoria Ferenc, Michal Gruntman, Katja Tielbörger

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

1 Scopus citations

Abstract

Stress experienced during development in organisms with bilateral structures could result in developmental instability, which is expressed as subtle non-directional deviations from perfect symmetry, known as fluctuating asymmetry (FA). As such, FA has been proposed, and extensively used, as a trait indicating stress for many organisms with bilateral structures and many types of stress. However, while this concept may apply to animals, the evidence for plants' main vegetative structures, that is, leaves, remains equivocal, and a comprehensive synthesis on this topic is still missing. We designed observational field and controlled greenhouse studies, combining different growth and leaf forms across multiple stress gradients, comprising 21 species and 80 populations. We measured FA as the difference between the left and right area of the leaf, an approach that accommodates diverse leaf forms. We used high-precision, blind, single-person measurements and tested for other forms of symmetry and the effect of leaf size. We further complemented our study with a systematic literature review of FA in plant leaves, compiling 51 studies comprising 72 species, 23 stress types and 131 unique entries (species × stress type). We consistently found no effect of stress on leaf FA in any of the studied species in both our field and experimental gradients. In the systematic literature review, only 39% of the unique entries showed the expected increase in FA with stress, 53% showed no effect, 9% showed an opposite trend of a decrease in FA with stress and 1% showed a unimodal relationship. Importantly, only 40% of all entries fulfilled the crucial step of controlling for a high-precision measurement, and of these 49% reported the expected increase in FA with stress. Both the results of our observational and experimental approaches and the systematic literature review failed to support a clear relationship between stress and FA in plant leaves. These results clearly show that FA in plant leaves cannot be used as a reliable trait indicating stress during development. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1447-1457
Number of pages11
JournalFunctional Ecology
Volume38
Issue number6
DOIs
StatePublished - Jun 2024

Funding

FundersFunder number
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
Mini graduate School at the University of Tübingen
Baden-Württemberg Stiftung

    Keywords

    • bioindicator
    • developmental instability
    • environmental stress gradients
    • fluctuating asymmetry
    • high-precision measurements
    • plant leaves

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