@article{764e18e5eab04fffa45410a89bd5614d,
title = "Joint Analysis of the DRD5 Marker Concludes Association with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Confined to the Predominantly Inattentive and Combined Subtypes",
abstract = "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable, heterogeneous disorder of early onset, consisting of a triad of symptoms: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The disorder has a significant genetic component, and theories of etiology include abnormalities in the dopaminergic system, with DRD4, DAT1, SNAP25, and DRD5 being implicated as major susceptibility genes. An initial report of association between ADHD and the common 148-bp allele of a microsatellite marker located 18.5 kb from the DRD5 gene has been followed by several studies showing nonsignificant trends toward association with the same allele. To establish the postulated association of the (CA)n repeat with ADHD, we collected genotypic information from 14 independent samples of probands and their parents, analyzed them individually and, in the absence of heterogeneity, analyzed them as a joint sample. The joint analysis showed association with the DRD5 locus (P = .00005; odds ratio 1.24; 95\% confidence interval 1.12-1.38). This association appears to be confined to the predominantly inattentive and combined clinical subtypes.",
author = "Naomi Lowe and Aiveen Kirley and Ziarih Hawi and Pak Sham and Harvey Wickham and Kratochvil, \{Christopher J.\} and Smith, \{Shelley D.\} and Lee, \{Saretta Y.\} and Florence Levy and Lindsey Kent and Fiona Middle and Rohde, \{Luis A.\} and Tatiana Roman and Eda Tahir and Yanke Yazgan and Philip Asherson and Jonathan Mil and Anita Thapar and Antony Payton and Todd, \{Richard D.\} and Timothy Stephens and Ebstein, \{Richard P.\} and Iris Manor and Barr, \{Cathy L.\} and Wigg, \{Karen G.\} and Sinke, \{Richard J.\} and Buitelaar, \{Jan K.\} and Smalley, \{Susan L.\} and Nelson, \{Stan F.\} and Joseph Biederman and Faraone, \{Stephen V.\} and Michael Gill",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgments are given in order of authors' affiliations, and numbers in parentheses correspond to affiliation numbers at the beginning of this article. We gratefully acknowledge the following: (1) In Dublin, the generous support of the Health Research Board, Dublin, The Wellcome Trust (support to A.K. and Z.H.), and the Hyperactive and Attention Disorder (HAD) Group Ireland, and the assistance of our clinical colleagues, Celine Mullins, Michael Fitzgerald, Mary McCarron, and Grainne Daly. (2) In London, The Wellcome Trust, Action Research, Sparks, Jane Worthington, Bill Ollier, University of Manchester, Michael O{\textquoteright}Donovan, Michael Owen, Darko Turic, and Kate Langley. (3) In Omaha, the assistance of Cynthia R. Ellis, Daryl Bohac, Jodi Polaha, Karen Dittmer, Tina Benedict-Vest, Judy Kenyon, Denise Hoover, Brigette Vaughan, Andrea Steenson, and Holly Zumpfe; research in Omaha was supported by funding from the Weibe Foundation, an Edna Ittner pediatric research grant, and the University of Nebraska Medical Center seed grant program. (4) In Australia, Professor Peter Schofield at the Garvan Institute, Sydney, for his support of the study, and Dr. Chris Ingall, Lismore, for contributing to the sample. (5) In Cambridge, The Wellcome Trust for funding the sample collection. (6) In Birmingham, the UK Medical Research Council. (7) In Porto Alegre, Professor Mara Helena Hutz at the ADHD outpatient program and the Department of Genetics at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. At the ADHD outpatient program, the work was supported by research grant GPG 98201 from the University Hospital and by scholarships from Funda{\c c}{\~a}o de Amparo {\`a} Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS/02/60016-0) and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. (8) In Kocaeli, the European Molecular Biology Organisation, the UK Medical Research Council, TUBITAK, and Eczacibasi Scientific Research and Award Fund. (10) In St. Louis, participants were T. Stephens, B Lobos, and R Neuman; the work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R01 MH52813 and R01 NS43762 (to R.D.T.). (11 and 12) In Jerusalem and Petak Tikvah, research was partially supported by the Israel Science Foundation founded by the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities (grant to R.P.E.). (13) In Toronto, participants were J. Kennedy, A. Ickowicz, T. Pathare, W. Roberts, M. Malone, R. Tannock, and R. Schachar; the research was supported by The Hospital for Sick Children Psychiatric Endowment Fund grant MT14336 and by Canadian Institutes of Health Research grant MOP-14336. (14 and 15) In the Netherlands, participants were S. C. Bakker and E. M. van der Meulen. (15) In Los Angeles, collaborators were Stanley Nelson, James McGough, James McCracken, Deborah Lynn, May Yang, Vlad Kustanovich, and Matt Ogdie; the research was supported by NIH grant MH58277. (17) In Boston, the work was supported by NIH grants R01 HD37999 and R01 HD37694 (to S.V.F.) and R01 HD036317 and R01 MH050657 (to J.B.); the activities of the ADHD Molecular Genetics Network are supported by NIH grant R13 MH59126 (to S.V.F.). In addition, the authors thank all the families who participated in the study. ",
year = "2004",
month = feb,
doi = "10.1086/381561",
language = "אנגלית",
volume = "74",
pages = "348--356",
journal = "American Journal of Human Genetics",
issn = "0002-9297",
publisher = "Cell Press",
number = "2",
}