Integrated spatial proteomic analysis of breast cancer heterogeneity unravels cancer cell phenotypic plasticity

Tumor heterogeneity drives drug resistance and relapse, influencing immune evasion and tumor progression. While intratumor heterogeneity has been extensively studied at the genomic level, its functional outcomes and interactions with the tumor microenvironment remain underexplored. In contrast, the functional outcome of heterogeneity and the interplay with the tumor microenvironment have not been addressed. In this study, we integrate multi-region spatial MS-based proteomics of 280 tumor regions, exome sequencing, and imaging to investigate spatial proteomic heterogeneity in breast cancer. Our findings reveal increased proteomic heterogeneity with tumor progression, independent of genomic heterogeneity but closely associated with microenvironmental differences. Integration with immune and stromal imaging highlighted a dynamic interplay where low-grade tumors exhibit constrained immune infiltration, and upon progression to higher grades, macrophages and T cells infiltrate. However, anti-inflammatory pathways involving kynurenine and prostaglandins are more highly expressed in infiltrated regions, suggesting that anti-tumorigenic activities are inhibited. Integration with the global protein network provides potential targetable mediators of immune evasion in breast cancer that can serve as the basis for future development of personalized breast cancer therapies.