Hyperstimulation of the Immune System

The immune system serves as a vital defense mechanism against external and internal threats, distinguishing between self- and non-self-entities. Comprising innate and adaptive immunity, it plays a crucial role in protecting organisms from pathogens, cancer cells, and foreign substances. Dysregulation of the immune system can lead to autoimmune diseases, autoinflammatory disorders, and cancer. This chapter explores the intricate relationship between biomaterials and the immune system, focusing on substances such as silicone, metals, and mesh commonly used in medical applications. While biomaterials play a pivotal role in various medical fields, some can inadvertently stimulate the immune system, causing chronic inflammation, tissue destruction, and, in extreme cases, the initiation of autoimmune phenomena. Silicone, a widely used biomaterial in medical implants such as breast implants, has been associated with immunological effects, including the induction of autoimmune responses. Studies indicate that silicone particles can trigger an imbalance in immune cell populations and increase susceptibility to autoimmune disorders. Similarly, polypropylene mesh, employed in hernia repairs and pelvic organ prolapse surgeries, has been linked to autoimmune inflammatory disorders, demonstrated by systemic symptoms and remission upon mesh removal. Metals and metal alloys, frequently used in medical implants, have also been implicated in autoimmune diseases, suggesting a potential role in immune dysregulation. The chapter explores the underlying mechanisms by which these biomaterials interact with the immune system, chronic inflammation, and the potential development of autoimmune diseases. Specifically, it delves into the hyperstimulation syndrome induced by silicone breast implants, mesh, and metals. Moreover, it discusses the link between foreign bodies, chronic immune stimulation, and the development of lymphoproliferative disorders, such as anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). In conclusion, the chapter emphasizes the critical need for a comprehensive understanding of the immunological implications of biomaterials, shedding light on potential risks associated with their use in medical applications. The investigation underscores the importance of continuous research to enhance the safety profile of biomaterials and minimize unintended consequences on the immune system.