@article{7854c1be6b29427e934fd4612c1951aa,
title = "How cognitive load affects duration judgments: A meta-analytic review",
abstract = "A meta-analysis of 117 experiments evaluated the effects of cognitive load on duration judgments. Cognitive load refers to information-processing (attentional or working-memory) demands. Six types of cognitive load were analyzed to resolve ongoing controversies and to test current duration judgment theories. Duration judgments depend on whether or not participants are informed in advance that they are needed: prospective paradigm (informed) versus retrospective paradigm (not informed). With higher cognitive load, the prospective duration judgment ratio (subjective duration to objective duration) decreases but the retrospective ratio increases. Thus, the duration judgment ratio differs depending on the paradigm and the specific type of cognitive load. As assessed by the coefficient of variation, relative variability of prospective, but not retrospective, judgments increases with cognitive load. The prospective findings support models emphasizing attentional resources, especially executive control. The retrospective findings support models emphasizing memory changes. Alternative theories do not fit with the meta-analytic findings and are rejected.",
keywords = "Attention, Memory, Time estimation",
author = "Block, {Richard A.} and Hancock, {Peter A.} and Dan Zakay",
note = "Funding Information: This study was supported in part by grants from the United States–Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) and the U. S. Army Multiple University Research Initiative (MURI) , “Operator Performance under Stress” (P.A. Hancock, Principal Investigator). We thank Diane Conti, Augusta Duncan, and Bonnie Saxton for their help in literature identification and retrieval. We also thank the action editor (Albert Postma), Scott W. Brown, J.L. Szalma, and three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions on the manuscript.",
year = "2010",
month = jul,
doi = "10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.03.006",
language = "אנגלית",
volume = "134",
pages = "330--343",
journal = "Acta Psychologica",
issn = "0001-6918",
publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
number = "3",
}