High voltage pulsed electric field and electroporation technologies for algal biomass processing

The production of animal and terrestrial plant proteins has environmental impacts that could limit their sustainable supply. Proteins from microalgae and macroalgae can support the growing animal-free protein demand sustainably, using non-arable land and seawater. However, current technologies and processes developed for terrestrial plant protein processing have multiple limitations when applied to micro and macroalgae, thus, providing an opportunity for emerging technologies. Here we critically review various methods used for micro and macroalgal cell disruption for protein extraction. The pulsed electric field (PEF) algal biomass process is focused on further and highlighted as a green approach for protein extraction from algae. The potential of high-voltage pulsed electric fields and electroporation technologies for algal protein processing are discussed in detail. Current state of the art, challenges, and perspectives are also discussed. The current review will aid in establishing PEF for processing algal biomass to extract valuable compounds including proteins using a non-thermal and chemical-free approach, thus providing an environmentally friendly solution for protein extraction from algae along with highlighting upscaling and processing challenges.