TY - JOUR
T1 - Guilt and depression
T2 - Two different factors in individuals with negative symptoms of schizophrenia
AU - Rabany, L.
AU - Weiser, M.
AU - Levkovitz, Y.
PY - 2013/8
Y1 - 2013/8
N2 - Objective: Depression is common among schizophrenia patients and constitutes a major risk factor for suicide. Calgary Depression Scale (CDSS) is the most widely used instrument for measuring depression in schizophrenia. CDSS has never been examined in patients with predominant negative symptoms, thus possibly hindering both accurate assessment and understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The current study is the first to examine CDSS' structure in this population. Methods: We conducted Principal Component Analysis (n=. 184) for the CDSS items. Thereafter, we correlated emerging factors with psychopathological, demographic and side effect variables. We assessed internal consistency and reliability of the emerging factors, as well as demographic correlations. Results: The analysis yielded two factors: depression-hopelessness and guilt. Factors distinctly correlated with separate variables. Removal of item #7 (early waking) improved internal consistency. The depression-hopelessness factor had an inverse correlation with negative symptoms, and positive correlation with neuroleptic side effects. Conclusions: CDSS structure indicated of two separate factors, i.e., depression-hopelessness and guilt, suggesting separate underlying processes. The validity of the scale might benefit from a two-fold structure and the removal/replacement of item #7 (early waking). A noteworthy inverse correlation was found between the depression factor and negative symptoms, as well as a positive correlation between depression factor and neuroleptic side effects.
AB - Objective: Depression is common among schizophrenia patients and constitutes a major risk factor for suicide. Calgary Depression Scale (CDSS) is the most widely used instrument for measuring depression in schizophrenia. CDSS has never been examined in patients with predominant negative symptoms, thus possibly hindering both accurate assessment and understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The current study is the first to examine CDSS' structure in this population. Methods: We conducted Principal Component Analysis (n=. 184) for the CDSS items. Thereafter, we correlated emerging factors with psychopathological, demographic and side effect variables. We assessed internal consistency and reliability of the emerging factors, as well as demographic correlations. Results: The analysis yielded two factors: depression-hopelessness and guilt. Factors distinctly correlated with separate variables. Removal of item #7 (early waking) improved internal consistency. The depression-hopelessness factor had an inverse correlation with negative symptoms, and positive correlation with neuroleptic side effects. Conclusions: CDSS structure indicated of two separate factors, i.e., depression-hopelessness and guilt, suggesting separate underlying processes. The validity of the scale might benefit from a two-fold structure and the removal/replacement of item #7 (early waking). A noteworthy inverse correlation was found between the depression factor and negative symptoms, as well as a positive correlation between depression factor and neuroleptic side effects.
KW - Calgary Depression Scale (CDSS)
KW - Depression
KW - Factor analysis
KW - Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS)
KW - Schizophrenia
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84880728712&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.02.008
DO - 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.02.008
M3 - ???researchoutput.researchoutputtypes.contributiontojournal.article???
C2 - 23021933
AN - SCOPUS:84880728712
SN - 0924-9338
VL - 28
SP - 327
EP - 331
JO - European Psychiatry
JF - European Psychiatry
IS - 6
ER -