Factors associated with non adherence to a gluten free diet in adult with celiac disease: A survey assessed by BIAGI score

Introduction: The cornerstone of the recommended treatment for Celiac disease (CeD) is a lifelong strict gluten-free diet (GFD). We aimed to identify prospectively the demographic, clinical, social and psychological profile associated with non-adherence to a GFD in adult CeD patients in Israel. Methods: An anonymous online questionnaire was sent via the Israeli Celiac association and through social networks. Only CeD patients ≥ 18 years old were included. Socio-demographic, laboratory and clinical data as well as anxiety and depression scores were reported. Adherence to a GFD was assessed by a Biagi questionnaire. Results: In total, 301 patients completed the questionnaire with a mean age of 37.5 ± 14.9 years, 79.2% female. The most common presenting symptoms were: anemia (59.7%), abdominal pain (50.8%) and diarrhea (42.8%). According to the Biagi score, 82% of patients were found to be high adherent to a GFD (Biagi 3–4) and 18% were low adherent to a GFD (Biagi-0–2). Univariate analysis revealed that low adherence was associated with: younger age at the time of diagnosis (P < 0.001), longer duration of disease (P = 0.011) non academic education (P = 0.011), below average income (P = 0.018), smoking (P < 0.001) and no gastroenterology follow up (P = 0.038). However, in multivariate analysis, only a young age at diagnosis and smoking were significantly associated with non-adherence to a GFD (OR 0.924, 3.48, P-value < 0.001, 0.029, respectively). In further analysis, we identified that age 20 is the best cutoff value to discriminate between those with high adherence and those with low adherence. Conclusions: Young age, smoking, long disease duration, no academic education, low income and no gastroenterology follow-up were found to be associated with low adherence to GFD rate in a univariate analysis, however only the first two were found to be significant in the multivariate analysis. Additional intervention strategies might improve adherence and reduce future complications with a better quality of life.