TY - JOUR
T1 - Environment and lupus-related diseases
AU - Zandman-Goddard, G.
AU - Solomon, M.
AU - Rosman, Z.
AU - Peeva, E.
AU - Shoenfeld, Y.
PY - 2012/3
Y1 - 2012/3
N2 - Clinical manifestations of lupus are encountered in a variety of disease entities, including isolated cutaneous lupus, undifferentiated connective tissue disease, mixed connective tissue disease, drug-induced lupus, overlap syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). While each entity has been recognized as a specific disease with its own diverse clinical and serological pattern, one could argue that many findings are common. Could it be that all of these entities actually represent a spectrum of one disease? Could it be that rather than the genetic predisposition and hence controlled factors that govern this spectrum of diseases, that environmental factors associated with SLE could also play a role in the different entities of this spectrum? The traditional environmental triggers in SLE include sunlight and ultraviolet (UV) light, infections, smoking, and medications including biologics such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) blockers. In this review, we update and further substantiate these traditional factors in the various lupus-related syndromes. We will also discuss the association with vaccine exposure, industrial estrogens, and other factors.
AB - Clinical manifestations of lupus are encountered in a variety of disease entities, including isolated cutaneous lupus, undifferentiated connective tissue disease, mixed connective tissue disease, drug-induced lupus, overlap syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). While each entity has been recognized as a specific disease with its own diverse clinical and serological pattern, one could argue that many findings are common. Could it be that all of these entities actually represent a spectrum of one disease? Could it be that rather than the genetic predisposition and hence controlled factors that govern this spectrum of diseases, that environmental factors associated with SLE could also play a role in the different entities of this spectrum? The traditional environmental triggers in SLE include sunlight and ultraviolet (UV) light, infections, smoking, and medications including biologics such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) blockers. In this review, we update and further substantiate these traditional factors in the various lupus-related syndromes. We will also discuss the association with vaccine exposure, industrial estrogens, and other factors.
KW - antiphospholipid syndrome
KW - cutaneous lupus
KW - drug-induced lupus
KW - mixed connective tissue disease
KW - systemic lupus erythematosus
KW - undifferentiated connective tissue disease
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84856764863&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1177/0961203311426568
DO - 10.1177/0961203311426568
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C2 - 22065092
AN - SCOPUS:84856764863
SN - 0961-2033
VL - 21
SP - 241
EP - 250
JO - Lupus
JF - Lupus
IS - 3
ER -