Endocrine-Related Adverse Conditions in Pediatric Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibition for Malignancies

Background: In recent years, remarkable advances in cancer immunotherapy have been introduced in the field of oncology. Since the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), these groups of medications have become a crucial treatment for several types of adult cancer. Summary: To date, pediatric experience with this group of medications is limited. Nevertheless, as clinicians, we have to be aware of the possible immune-related adverse events including immune-related endocrinopathies (thyroid dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, adrenal insufficiency, and pituitary insufficiency) that have been reported regarding these medications. These adverse events probably result from uncontrolled activation of the immune system. Key Message: Early diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of immune-related endocrinopathies associated with ICIs treatment are also essential for the best supportive care and administration of ICIs in pediatric patients. This review presents the current data on the immune-related endocrinopathies associated with the ICIs treatment, with suggestions for management.