TY - JOUR
T1 - Effects of estradiol and raloxifene on arterial thrombosis in ovariectomized mice
AU - Abu-Fanne, Rami
AU - Brzezinski, Amnon
AU - Golomb, Mordechai
AU - Grad, Etty
AU - Foldes, A. Joseph
AU - Shufaro, Yoel
AU - Varon, David
AU - Brill, Alexander
AU - Lotan, Chaim
AU - Danenberg, Haim D.
PY - 2008/1
Y1 - 2008/1
N2 - OBJECTIVE: The effects of estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators (eg, raloxifene) on arterial thrombosis are not well defined. This study assessed the manner and mechanism by which estrogen and raloxifene affect homeostatic pathways in ovariectomized mice after acute arterial injury. DESIGN: Female mice (3 weeks old) underwent ovariectomy or sham operation. Five days after surgery, mice were assigned to treatment with estradiol (5.3 nmol/kg), raloxifene (2.7 μmol/kg), or placebo (n = 10-12/group). The biological effects of both treatments were assessed by measurements of bone mass and the degree of uterine atrophy. After 4 months of therapy, carotid artery thrombosis was induced by photochemical injury, and the time to vascular occlusion was measured. RESULTS: Both treatments increased bone mineral density (4.1%-7.85%). Reversal of macroscopic uterine atrophy was observed only in estrogen-treated mice. Ovariectomized mice had a shorter time to occlusion compared with sham-operated mice (70.8 ± 7.4 vs 103 ± 11.3 min), suggesting accelerated thrombosis. Both estradiol and raloxifene significantly inhibited intra-arterial thrombosis in ovariectomized mice, prolonging the time to occlusion to 136.33 ± 13.5 and 141.43 ± 9.26 min, respectively. Cyclooxygenase-2 levels in the lung tissue were significantly increased by both raloxifene and estradiol with endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression being unaltered. Platelet adhesion (measured by surface coverage under a shear rate of 1,800 s for 2 min) was significantly reduced in ovariectomized animals, being 4.63% ± 1.47%, 5.78% ± 1.58%, and 10.04% ± 1.33% for raloxifene, estradiol, and placebo, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Ovariectomy amplifies thrombosis. We found that 4 months of treatment with both estradiol and raloxifene attenuates intravascular thrombosis. The antithrombotic effect was accompanied by increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and suppression of platelet surface adhesion.
AB - OBJECTIVE: The effects of estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators (eg, raloxifene) on arterial thrombosis are not well defined. This study assessed the manner and mechanism by which estrogen and raloxifene affect homeostatic pathways in ovariectomized mice after acute arterial injury. DESIGN: Female mice (3 weeks old) underwent ovariectomy or sham operation. Five days after surgery, mice were assigned to treatment with estradiol (5.3 nmol/kg), raloxifene (2.7 μmol/kg), or placebo (n = 10-12/group). The biological effects of both treatments were assessed by measurements of bone mass and the degree of uterine atrophy. After 4 months of therapy, carotid artery thrombosis was induced by photochemical injury, and the time to vascular occlusion was measured. RESULTS: Both treatments increased bone mineral density (4.1%-7.85%). Reversal of macroscopic uterine atrophy was observed only in estrogen-treated mice. Ovariectomized mice had a shorter time to occlusion compared with sham-operated mice (70.8 ± 7.4 vs 103 ± 11.3 min), suggesting accelerated thrombosis. Both estradiol and raloxifene significantly inhibited intra-arterial thrombosis in ovariectomized mice, prolonging the time to occlusion to 136.33 ± 13.5 and 141.43 ± 9.26 min, respectively. Cyclooxygenase-2 levels in the lung tissue were significantly increased by both raloxifene and estradiol with endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression being unaltered. Platelet adhesion (measured by surface coverage under a shear rate of 1,800 s for 2 min) was significantly reduced in ovariectomized animals, being 4.63% ± 1.47%, 5.78% ± 1.58%, and 10.04% ± 1.33% for raloxifene, estradiol, and placebo, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Ovariectomy amplifies thrombosis. We found that 4 months of treatment with both estradiol and raloxifene attenuates intravascular thrombosis. The antithrombotic effect was accompanied by increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and suppression of platelet surface adhesion.
KW - Estrogen
KW - Raloxifene
KW - Selective estrogen receptor modulator
KW - Thrombosis
KW - Vascular injury
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=38049088116&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1097/gme.0b013e318054e2ab
DO - 10.1097/gme.0b013e318054e2ab
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C2 - 17549036
AN - SCOPUS:38049088116
SN - 1072-3714
VL - 15
SP - 98
EP - 104
JO - Menopause
JF - Menopause
IS - 1
ER -