Effect of interface dynamic deformations on instabilities of buoyancy-thermocapillary convection in a two-fluid two-layer system

Effect of interfacial disturbances on instabilities of buoyant-thermocapillary convective flows in rectangular cavities is studied in a series of numerical experiments. The computations are carried out for several two-liquid two-layer systems taking into account properties of liquids used in previously published experiments. The relation between the interface deformations and the Boussinesq approximation is discussed. It is shown that in some systems, including the interface disturbances in the model can alter the critical temperature difference by approximately 10%, producing either a destabilizing or stabilizing effect. The interface oscillations appear as standing or traveling waves whose wavelength can vary from short wavelengths to a single wave occupying all the available space. Rough estimations show that in some liquid-liquid systems the interface oscillations' amplitude can reach several tens of microns. Patterns of the most unstable disturbances are presented and discussed. It is argued that instabilities in some two-layer systems develop similarly to the Holmboe instabilities in stratified mixing layers.