TY - JOUR
T1 - Determinants of Effort Intolerance in Patients With Heart Failure
T2 - Combined Echocardiography and Cardiopulmonary Stress Protocol
AU - Shimiaie, Jason
AU - Sherez, Jack
AU - Aviram, Galit
AU - Megidish, Ricki
AU - Viskin, Sami
AU - Halkin, Amir
AU - Ingbir, Meirav
AU - Nesher, Nahum
AU - Biner, Simon
AU - Keren, Gad
AU - Topilsky, Yan
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 American College of Cardiology Foundation.
PY - 2015/10
Y1 - 2015/10
N2 - Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess individual mechanisms of effort intolerance in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), or normal cardiac function using combined echocardiography and cardiopulmonary stress testing. Background: Combined stress echocardiography and cardiopulmonary tests visualize cardiac chambers in 4 well-defined activity levels (rest, unloaded, anaerobic threshold, and peak), allowing noninvasive assessment of cardiac function, hemodynamics, and arterial venous oxygen content difference (AVo2Diff) during all stages. Methods: Left ventricular volumes, stroke volume (SV), S', E/e', oxygen consumption (Vo2), and AVo2Diff were measured in all effort stages using ramp semirecumbent cycle prolonged (≥8 min) exercise in 45 consecutive subjects evaluated for effort intolerance (14 normal cardiac function, 16 HFpEF, and 15 HFrEF patients; age 56.5 ± 16 years; 73% male). Results: In HFpEF and HFrEF, the changes in Vo2 were attenuated (between group p = 0.003; group by time interaction p < 0.0001), as well as peak heart rate (p = 0.0001; p = 0.0001) and SV (p = 0.006; p = 0.0001). End-diastolic volume to E/e' ratio (measure of compliance) was superior in HFrEF and normal patients at baseline but worsened in HFpEF and HFrEF at peak exercise (8.3 ± 4 vs. 11.6 ± 5 vs. 19.1 ± 8; p = 0.004; p = 0.01). Functional mitral regurgitation worsened even during the unloaded stage, mostly in patients with HFrEF, but also in several patients with HFpEF. In multivariable analysis, heart rate response (p = 0.007), and AVo2Diff (p < 0.0001) were the most significant independent predictors of effort capacity; SV was not. Conclusions: Combined tests are feasible and allow noninvasive evaluation of effort intolerance. In HFpEF and HFrEF patients, exercise intolerance is predominantly due to chronotropic incompetence and peripheral factors. Combined stress echocardiography and cardiopulmonary tests may have potential for clinical management and selection of patients for trials.
AB - Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess individual mechanisms of effort intolerance in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), or normal cardiac function using combined echocardiography and cardiopulmonary stress testing. Background: Combined stress echocardiography and cardiopulmonary tests visualize cardiac chambers in 4 well-defined activity levels (rest, unloaded, anaerobic threshold, and peak), allowing noninvasive assessment of cardiac function, hemodynamics, and arterial venous oxygen content difference (AVo2Diff) during all stages. Methods: Left ventricular volumes, stroke volume (SV), S', E/e', oxygen consumption (Vo2), and AVo2Diff were measured in all effort stages using ramp semirecumbent cycle prolonged (≥8 min) exercise in 45 consecutive subjects evaluated for effort intolerance (14 normal cardiac function, 16 HFpEF, and 15 HFrEF patients; age 56.5 ± 16 years; 73% male). Results: In HFpEF and HFrEF, the changes in Vo2 were attenuated (between group p = 0.003; group by time interaction p < 0.0001), as well as peak heart rate (p = 0.0001; p = 0.0001) and SV (p = 0.006; p = 0.0001). End-diastolic volume to E/e' ratio (measure of compliance) was superior in HFrEF and normal patients at baseline but worsened in HFpEF and HFrEF at peak exercise (8.3 ± 4 vs. 11.6 ± 5 vs. 19.1 ± 8; p = 0.004; p = 0.01). Functional mitral regurgitation worsened even during the unloaded stage, mostly in patients with HFrEF, but also in several patients with HFpEF. In multivariable analysis, heart rate response (p = 0.007), and AVo2Diff (p < 0.0001) were the most significant independent predictors of effort capacity; SV was not. Conclusions: Combined tests are feasible and allow noninvasive evaluation of effort intolerance. In HFpEF and HFrEF patients, exercise intolerance is predominantly due to chronotropic incompetence and peripheral factors. Combined stress echocardiography and cardiopulmonary tests may have potential for clinical management and selection of patients for trials.
KW - Congestive heart failure
KW - Echocardiography
KW - Exercise testing
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84943372963&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.05.010
DO - 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.05.010
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AN - SCOPUS:84943372963
SN - 2213-1779
VL - 3
SP - 803
EP - 814
JO - JACC: Heart Failure
JF - JACC: Heart Failure
IS - 10
M1 - 345
ER -
