Depression-anxiety relationships with chronic physical conditions: Results from the World Mental Health surveys

Background: Prior research on the association between affective disorders and physical conditions has been carried out in developed countries, usually in clinical populations, on a limited range of mental disorders and physical conditions, and has seldom taken into account the comorbidity between depressive and anxiety disorders. Methods: Eighteen general population surveys were carried out among adults in 17 countries as part of the World Mental Health Surveys initiative (N = 42, 249). DSM-IV depressive and anxiety disorders were assessed using face-to-face interviews with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). Chronic physical conditions were ascertained via a standard checklist. The relationship between mental disorders and physical conditions was assessed by considering depressive and anxiety disorders independently (depression without anxiety; anxiety without depression) and conjointly (depression plus anxiety). Results: All physical conditions were significantly associated with depressive and/or anxiety disorders but there was variation in the strength of association (ORs 1.2-4.5). Non-comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders were associated in equal degree with physical conditions. Comorbid depressive-anxiety disorder was more strongly associated with several physical conditions than were single mental disorders. Limitations: Physical conditions were ascertained via self report, though for a number of conditions this was self-report of diagnosis by a physician. Conclusions: Given the prevalence and clinical consequences of the co-occurrence of mental and physical disorders, attention to their comorbidity should remain a clinical and research priority.