Complex optical-X-ray correlations in the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4051

This paper presents the results of a dense and intensive X-ray and optical monitoring of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4051 carried out in 2000. Results of the optical analysis are consistent with previous measurements. The amplitude of optical emission-line variability is a factor of 2 larger than that of the underlying optical continuum, but part or all of the difference can be due to host-galaxy starlight contamination or to the lines being driven by the unseen ultraviolet continuum, which is more variable than the optical continuum. We measured the lag between optical lines and continuum and found a lower, more accurate broad-line region size of 3.0 ± 1.5 light-days in this object. The implied black hole mass is M_BH = 5_-3 ⁺⁶ × 10⁵ M_⊙; this is the lowest mass found, so far, for an active nucleus. We find significant evidence for an X-ray-optical (XO) correlation with a peak lag ≲1 d, although the centroid of the asymmetric correlation function reveals that part of the optical flux varies in advance of the X-ray flux by 2.4 Plusmn; 1.0 d. This complex XO correlation is explained as a possible combination of X-ray reprocessing and perturbations propagating from the outer (optically emitting) parts of the accretion disc into its inner (X-ray emitting) region.