Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: state-of-the-(C)ART and the road ahead

Autologous anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has recently been added to the armamentarium in the battle against B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). In this review, we discuss the trials that led to US Food and Drug Administration approval of CAR T-cell therapies in patients with B-ALL. We evaluate the evolving role of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant in the CAR T-cell era and discuss lessons learned from the first steps with CAR T-cell therapy in ALL. Upcoming innovations in CAR technology, including combined and alternative targets and off-the-shelf allogeneic CAR T-cell strategies are presented. Finally, we envision the role that CAR T cells could take in the management of adult patients with B-ALL in the near future.