TY - JOUR
T1 - Burden of disease attributable to high body mass index
T2 - an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
AU - Zhou, Xiao Dong
AU - Chen, Qin Fen
AU - Yang, Wah
AU - Zuluaga, Mauricio
AU - Targher, Giovanni
AU - Byrne, Christopher D.
AU - Valenti, Luca
AU - Luo, Fei
AU - Katsouras, Christos S.
AU - Thaher, Omar
AU - Misra, Anoop
AU - Ataya, Karim
AU - Oviedo, Rodolfo J.
AU - Pik-Shan Kong, Alice
AU - Alswat, Khalid
AU - Lonardo, Amedeo
AU - Wong, Yu Jun
AU - Abu-Abeid, Adam
AU - Al Momani, Hazem
AU - Ali, Arshad
AU - Molina, Gabriel Alejandro
AU - Szepietowski, Olivia
AU - Jumaev, Nozim Adxamovich
AU - Kızılkaya, Mehmet Celal
AU - Viveiros, Octavio
AU - Toro-Huamanchumo, Carlos Jesus
AU - Yen Kok, Kenneth Yuh
AU - Ospanov, Oral
AU - Abbas, Syed Imran
AU - Robertson, Andrew Gerard
AU - Fouad, Yasser
AU - Mantzoros, Christos S.
AU - Zhang, Huijie
AU - Méndez-Sánchez, Nahum
AU - Sookoian, Silvia
AU - Chan, Wah Kheong
AU - Treeprasertsuk, Sombat
AU - Adams, Leon
AU - Ocama, Ponsiano
AU - Ryan, John D.
AU - Perera, Nilanka
AU - Sharara, Ala I.
AU - Al-Busafi, Said A.
AU - Opio, Christopher Kenneth
AU - Garcia, Manuel
AU - Lim-Loo, Michelle Ching
AU - Ruiz-Úcar, Elena
AU - Prasad, Arun
AU - Casajoana, Anna
AU - Abdelbaki, Tamer N.
AU - Zheng, Ming Hua
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Author(s)
PY - 2024/10
Y1 - 2024/10
N2 - Background: Obesity represents a major global health challenge with important clinical implications. Despite its recognized importance, the global disease burden attributable to high body mass index (BMI) remains less well understood. Methods: We systematically analyzed global deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to high BMI using the methodology and analytical approaches of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021. High BMI was defined as a BMI over 25 kg/m2 for individuals aged ≥20 years. The Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) was used as a composite measure to assess the level of socio-economic development across different regions. Subgroup analyses considered age, sex, year, geographical location, and SDI. Findings: From 1990 to 2021, the global deaths and DALYs attributable to high BMI increased more than 2.5-fold for females and males. However, the age-standardized death rates remained stable for females and increased by 15.0% for males. Similarly, the age-standardized DALY rates increased by 21.7% for females and 31.2% for males. In 2021, the six leading causes of high BMI-attributable DALYs were diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, chronic kidney disease, low back pain and stroke. From 1990 to 2021, low-middle SDI countries exhibited the highest annual percentage changes in age-standardized DALY rates, whereas high SDI countries showed the lowest. Interpretation: The worldwide health burden attributable to high BMI has grown significantly between 1990 and 2021. The increasing global rates of high BMI and the associated disease burden highlight the urgent need for regular surveillance and monitoring of BMI. Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Key R&D Program of China.
AB - Background: Obesity represents a major global health challenge with important clinical implications. Despite its recognized importance, the global disease burden attributable to high body mass index (BMI) remains less well understood. Methods: We systematically analyzed global deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to high BMI using the methodology and analytical approaches of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021. High BMI was defined as a BMI over 25 kg/m2 for individuals aged ≥20 years. The Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) was used as a composite measure to assess the level of socio-economic development across different regions. Subgroup analyses considered age, sex, year, geographical location, and SDI. Findings: From 1990 to 2021, the global deaths and DALYs attributable to high BMI increased more than 2.5-fold for females and males. However, the age-standardized death rates remained stable for females and increased by 15.0% for males. Similarly, the age-standardized DALY rates increased by 21.7% for females and 31.2% for males. In 2021, the six leading causes of high BMI-attributable DALYs were diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, chronic kidney disease, low back pain and stroke. From 1990 to 2021, low-middle SDI countries exhibited the highest annual percentage changes in age-standardized DALY rates, whereas high SDI countries showed the lowest. Interpretation: The worldwide health burden attributable to high BMI has grown significantly between 1990 and 2021. The increasing global rates of high BMI and the associated disease burden highlight the urgent need for regular surveillance and monitoring of BMI. Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Key R&D Program of China.
KW - Body mass index
KW - Global Burden of Disease Study
KW - Metabolic risk
KW - Obesity
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85204555517
U2 - 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102848
DO - 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102848
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C2 - 39386160
AN - SCOPUS:85204555517
SN - 2589-5370
VL - 76
JO - eClinicalMedicine
JF - eClinicalMedicine
M1 - 102848
ER -
SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being