Bleeding in endodontic surgery

Modern endodontic surgery is a highly predictable treatment for teeth with apical periodontitis. While mild hemorrhage during the surgical procedures is common, severe bleeding during endodontic surgery due to an insult to a major blood vessel is relatively rare and may lead to serious systemic complications such as airway compromise, cardiovascular effects, and worsening of the mental status of the patient, and if not controlled may even lead to death. Elderly patients and patients with systemic diseases may be more susceptible to complications following severe blood loss. In addition, in patients with systemic bleeding disorders, excessive bleeding may occur even if only relatively small blood vessels were damaged during the surgical procedure.