Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis: From basics to clinics

A. Arastehfar, A. Carvalho, J. Houbraken, L. Lombardi, R. Garcia-Rubio, J. D. Jenks, O. Rivero-Menendez, R. Aljohani, I. D. Jacobsen, J. Berman, N. Osherov, M. T. Hedayati, M. Ilkit, D. James-Armstrong, T. Gabaldón, J. Meletiadis, M. Kostrzewa, W. Pan, C. Lass-Flörl, D. S. Perlin*M. Hoenigl

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

170 Scopus citations

Abstract

The airborne fungus Aspergillus fumigatus poses a serious health threat to humans by causing numerous invasive infections and a notable mortality in humans, especially in immunocompromised patients. Mould-active azoles are the frontline therapeutics employed to treat aspergillosis. The global emergence of azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates in clinic and environment, however, notoriously limits the therapeutic options of mould-active antifungals and potentially can be attributed to a mortality rate reaching up to 100 %. Although specific mutations in CYP51A are the main cause of azole resistance, there is a new wave of azole-resistant isolates with wild-type CYP51A genotype challenging the efficacy of the current diagnostic tools. Therefore, applications of whole-genome sequencing are increasingly gaining popularity to overcome such challenges. Prominent echinocandin tolerance, as well as liver and kidney toxicity posed by amphotericin B, necessitate a continuous quest for novel antifungal drugs to combat emerging azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates. Animal models and the tools used for genetic engineering require further refinement to facilitate a better understanding about the resistance mechanisms, virulence, and immune reactions orchestrated against A. fumigatus. This review paper comprehensively discusses the current clinical challenges caused by A. fumigatus and provides insights on how to address them.

Original languageEnglish
Article number100115
JournalStudies in Mycology
Volume100
DOIs
StatePublished - Sep 2021

Funding

FundersFunder number
Northern Portugal Regional Operational Programme
Ci?ncia e a Tecnologia
NIHR Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation
European Regional Development FundNORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000023
Fundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaPTDC/MED GEN/28778/2017, UIDP/50026/2020, UIDB/50026/2020, CEECIND/03628/2017
Wellcome Trust219551/Z/19/Z, 219551
CF Trust Strategic Research Centre TrIFICSRC015
National Institutes of HealthUL1TR001442, AI 109025
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme847507
European CommissionLCF/PR/HP17/52190003, 100010434

    Keywords

    • Aspergillus fumigatus
    • Azole-resistance
    • Drug-resistance mechanism
    • Invasive aspergillosis

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