Anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation, thrombocytopenia and hematological malignancy

Managing anticoagulation in hematological malignancy patients with atrial fibrillation and thrombocytopenia is a clinical challenge with limited data. We aimed to identify anticoagulation management strategies and evaluate bleeding and thrombosis rates associated with each approach. A retrospective cohort study in Israel and the Netherlands was conducted. Patients with hematological malignancy and atrial fibrillation were indexed when platelets were < 50 × 10⁹/L and followed for 30 days. The cohort included 61 patients of whom 42 (69%) had anticoagulation held at index. On multivariate analysis, holding anticoagulation was associated with age < 65 years and atrial fibrillation diagnosed within 30 days prior index. Clinically relevant bleeding was diagnosed in 7 (16.7%) and 1 (5.3%) of patients who had anticoagulation held and continued respectively, while arterial thromboembolism occurred in 1 patient in each group (2.4% and 5.3%, respectively). All-cause mortality rate was high at 45%. Accordingly, the 30-day bleeding risk may outweigh the risk of arterial thromboembolism in hematological malignancy, platelets < 50 × 10⁹/L and atrial fibrillation.