TY - JOUR
T1 - Amplification by read-once formulas
AU - Dubiner, Moshe
AU - Zwick, Uri
PY - 1997/2
Y1 - 1997/2
N2 - Moore and Shannon have shown that relays with arbitrarily high reliability can be built from relays with arbitrarily poor reliability. Valiant used methods to construct monotone lead-once formulas of size O(nα+2) (where α = log√5-1 2 ≃ 3.27) that amplify (ψ - 1/n, ψ + 1/n) (where ψ + (√5 - 1)/2 ≃ 0.62) to (2-n, 1 - 2-n) and deduced as a cosequence the existence of monotone formulas of the same size that compute the majority of n bits. Boppana has shown that any monotone read-once formula that amplifies (p - 1/n, p + 1/n) to (1/4, 3/4) (where 0 < p < 1 is constant) has size Ω(nα) and that any monotone, not necessarily read-once, contact network (and in particular any monotone formula) that amplifies (1/4, 3/4) to (2-n, 1 - 2-n) has size Ω(n2). We extend Boppana's results in two ways. We first show that his two lower bounds hold for general read-once formulas, not necessarily monotone, that may even include exclusive-or gates. We are then able to join his two lower bounds together and show that any read-once, not necessarily monotone, formula that amplifies (p - 1/n, p + 1/n) to (2-n, 1 - 2-n) has size Ω(nα+2). This result does not follow from Boppana's arguments, and its shows that the amount of amplification achieved by Valiant is the maximal achievable using read-once formulas. In a companion paper we construct monotone read-once contact nterworks of size O(n2.99) that amplify (1/2 - 1/n, 1/2 + 1/n) to (1/4, 3/4). This shows that Boppana's lower bound for the first amplification once.
AB - Moore and Shannon have shown that relays with arbitrarily high reliability can be built from relays with arbitrarily poor reliability. Valiant used methods to construct monotone lead-once formulas of size O(nα+2) (where α = log√5-1 2 ≃ 3.27) that amplify (ψ - 1/n, ψ + 1/n) (where ψ + (√5 - 1)/2 ≃ 0.62) to (2-n, 1 - 2-n) and deduced as a cosequence the existence of monotone formulas of the same size that compute the majority of n bits. Boppana has shown that any monotone read-once formula that amplifies (p - 1/n, p + 1/n) to (1/4, 3/4) (where 0 < p < 1 is constant) has size Ω(nα) and that any monotone, not necessarily read-once, contact network (and in particular any monotone formula) that amplifies (1/4, 3/4) to (2-n, 1 - 2-n) has size Ω(n2). We extend Boppana's results in two ways. We first show that his two lower bounds hold for general read-once formulas, not necessarily monotone, that may even include exclusive-or gates. We are then able to join his two lower bounds together and show that any read-once, not necessarily monotone, formula that amplifies (p - 1/n, p + 1/n) to (2-n, 1 - 2-n) has size Ω(nα+2). This result does not follow from Boppana's arguments, and its shows that the amount of amplification achieved by Valiant is the maximal achievable using read-once formulas. In a companion paper we construct monotone read-once contact nterworks of size O(n2.99) that amplify (1/2 - 1/n, 1/2 + 1/n) to (1/4, 3/4). This shows that Boppana's lower bound for the first amplification once.
KW - Amplification
KW - Boolean formula
KW - Circuit complexity
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=5544275298&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1137/S009753979223633X
DO - 10.1137/S009753979223633X
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AN - SCOPUS:5544275298
SN - 0097-5397
VL - 26
SP - 15
EP - 38
JO - SIAM Journal on Computing
JF - SIAM Journal on Computing
IS - 1
ER -