A Sun-like star orbiting a black hole

Kareem El-Badry*, Hans Walter Rix, Eliot Quataert, Andrew W. Howard, Howard Isaacson, Jim Fuller, Keith Hawkins, Katelyn Breivik, Kaze W.K. Wong, Antonio C. Rodriguez, Charlie Conroy, Sahar Shahaf, Tsevi Mazeh, Frédéric Arenou, Kevin B. Burdge, Dolev Bashi, Simchon Faigler, Daniel R. Weisz, Rhys Seeburger, Silvia Almada MonterJennifer Wojno

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

128 Scopus citations

Abstract

We report discovery of a bright, nearby (G = 13.8;, d = 480pc) Sun-like star orbiting a dark object. We identified the system as a black hole candidate via its astrometric orbital solution from the Gaia mission. Radial velocities validated and refined the Gaia solution, and spectroscopy ruled out significant light contributions from another star. Joint modelling of radial velocities and astrometry constrains the companion mass of M2 = 9.62 ± 0.18 Mθ. The spectroscopic orbit alone sets a minimum companion mass of M2 > 5 Mθ if the companion were a 5 Mθ star, it would be 500 times more luminous than the entire system. These constraints are insensitive to the mass of the luminous star, which appears as a slowly rotating G dwarf (Teff=5850 K, log g = 4.5, M=0.93 Mθ), with near-solar metallicity (Fe/H] = -0.2) and an unremarkable abundance pattern. We find no plausible astrophysical scenario that can explain the orbit and does not involve a black hole. The orbital period, Porb = 185.6 d, is longer than that of any known stellar-mass black hole binary. The system's modest eccentricity (e = 0.45), high metallicity, and thin-disc Galactic orbit suggest that it was born in the Milky Way disc with at most a weak natal kick. How the system formed is uncertain. Common envelope evolution can only produce the system's wide orbit under extreme and likely unphysical assumptions. Formation models involving triples or dynamical assembly in an open cluster may be more promising. This is the nearest known black hole by a factor of 3, and its discovery suggests the existence of a sizable population of dormant black holes in binaries. Future Gaia releases will likely facilitate the discovery of dozens more.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1057-1085
Number of pages29
JournalMonthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume518
Issue number1
DOIs
StatePublished - 1 Jan 2023

Funding

FundersFunder number
Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações
European Space Agency
National Science Foundation
Diabetes Patient Advocacy Coalition
Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo
Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium
European Research Council
National Research Council Canada
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
European Commission101054731
Engineering Research Centers101054731

    Keywords

    • binaries: spectroscopic
    • stars: black holes

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