@inbook{a1d8a21cd06c4bdbb79d142723ab0bff,
title = "A review of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) and an exploratory study of subjects claiming symptoms of HPPD",
abstract = "Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is rarely encountered in clinical settings. It is described as a re-experiencing of some perceptual distortions induced while intoxicated and suggested to subsequently cause functional impairment or anxiety. Two forms exist: Type 1, which are brief “flashbacks,” and Type 2 claimed to be chronic, waxing, and waning over months to years. A review of HPPD is presented. In addition, data from a comprehensive survey of 20 subjects reporting Type-2 HPPD-like symptoms are presented and evaluated. Dissociative Symptoms are consistently associated with HPPD. Results of the survey suggest that HPPD is in most cases due to a subtle over-activation of predominantly neural visual pathways that worsens anxiety after ingestion of arousal-altering drugs, including non-hallucinogenic substances. Individual or family histories of anxiety and pre-drug use complaints of tinnitus, eye floaters, and concentration problems may predict vulnerability for HPPD. Future research should take a broader outlook as many perceptual symptoms reported were not first experienced while intoxicated and are partially associated with pre-existing psychiatric comorbidity.",
keywords = "Dissociation, Drug-induced flashback, Flashback, Hallucinogen persisting perceptual disorder (HPPD), Hallucinogens, LSD, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)",
author = "Halpern, {John H.} and Lerner, {Arturo G.} and Torsten Passie",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2018.",
year = "2018",
doi = "10.1007/7854_2016_457",
language = "אנגלית",
series = "Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences",
publisher = "Springer Verlag",
pages = "333--360",
booktitle = "Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences",
address = "גרמניה",
}