TY - JOUR
T1 - A 16-month longitudinal investigation of risk and protective factors for mental health outcomes throughout three national lockdowns and a mass vaccination campaign
T2 - Evidence from a weighted Israeli sample during COVID-19
AU - Hertz-Palmor, Nimrod
AU - Ruppin, Shachar
AU - Matalon, Noam
AU - Mosheva, Mariela
AU - Dorman-Ilan, Shirel
AU - Serur, Yaffa
AU - Avinir, Asia
AU - Mekori-Domachevsky, Ehud
AU - Hasson-Ohayon, Ilanit
AU - Gross, Raz
AU - Gothelf, Doron
AU - Pessach, Itai M.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023
PY - 2023/5
Y1 - 2023/5
N2 - Background: COVID-19 is an ongoing global crisis, with a multitude of factors that affect mental health worldwide. We explored potential predictors for the emergence and maintenance of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in the general population in Israel. Methods: Across the span of 16 months, 2478 people completed a repeated self-report survey which inquired psychiatric symptoms and pandemic related stress factors (PRSF). We applied mixed-effects models to assess how each stressor contributes to depression, anxiety and PTSS at each time point, and longitudinally assessed participants who completed at least two consecutive surveys (n = 400). We weighted our sample to increase representativeness of the population. Results: Fatigue was the strongest predictor for depression, anxiety and PTSS at all time points, and predicted deterioration overtime. Financial concerns associated with depression and anxiety at all time points, and with their deterioration overtime. Health related concerns were uniquely associated with anxiety and PTSS at all time points and their deterioration, but not with depression. Improvement in sense of protection overtime associated with decrease in depression and anxiety. Hesitancy towards vaccination was associated to higher financial concerns and lower sense of protection by the authorities. Conclusions: Our findings accentuate the multitude of risk factors for psychiatric morbidity during COVID-19, and the centrality of fatigue in determining mental health outcomes.
AB - Background: COVID-19 is an ongoing global crisis, with a multitude of factors that affect mental health worldwide. We explored potential predictors for the emergence and maintenance of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in the general population in Israel. Methods: Across the span of 16 months, 2478 people completed a repeated self-report survey which inquired psychiatric symptoms and pandemic related stress factors (PRSF). We applied mixed-effects models to assess how each stressor contributes to depression, anxiety and PTSS at each time point, and longitudinally assessed participants who completed at least two consecutive surveys (n = 400). We weighted our sample to increase representativeness of the population. Results: Fatigue was the strongest predictor for depression, anxiety and PTSS at all time points, and predicted deterioration overtime. Financial concerns associated with depression and anxiety at all time points, and with their deterioration overtime. Health related concerns were uniquely associated with anxiety and PTSS at all time points and their deterioration, but not with depression. Improvement in sense of protection overtime associated with decrease in depression and anxiety. Hesitancy towards vaccination was associated to higher financial concerns and lower sense of protection by the authorities. Conclusions: Our findings accentuate the multitude of risk factors for psychiatric morbidity during COVID-19, and the centrality of fatigue in determining mental health outcomes.
KW - Anxiety
KW - COVID-19
KW - Depression
KW - Fatigue
KW - Posttraumatic stress
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85149278084&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115119
DO - 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115119
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C2 - 36881950
AN - SCOPUS:85149278084
SN - 0165-1781
VL - 323
JO - Psychiatry Research
JF - Psychiatry Research
M1 - 115119
ER -