β-Phenylpyruvate induces long-term neurobehavioral damage and brain necrosis in neonatal mice

Administration of β-phenylpyruvate at high concentrations reduces blood glucose levels and causes neurophysiological deterioration in insulin-deprived mice. We investigated whether β-phenylpyruvate administration would cause long-term neurobehavioral and structural central neural damage in mice. Neonatal ICR mice were injected with β-phenylpyruvate (0.5-2.5mg/g body weight (BW)) or saline (control). Blood glucose was measured. At 43 days of age, the animals were put on a 1-week regimen of restricted water supply, after which the mice were introduced into an eight-arm maze for evaluation of spatial-memory abilities (hippocampal-related behavior). Times for visiting all eight arms and number of entries until completion of the eight-arm visits (maze criteria) were measured. The test was repeated once daily for 5 days. TUNEL assay was used for detection of brain apoptosis. β-Phenylpyruvate-treated animals (except the 0.5mg/g group) developed hypoglycemia. Treated mice required more time to assimilate the maze structure. Mice treated with 2.5mg/g β-phenylpyruvate did not meet the maze criteria as compared with control (P<0.001) and suffered from necrotic changes in the hippocampal regions. The above-mentioned neurobehavioral damage was abrogated by coadministration of glucose. We conclude that β-phenylpyruvate is able to produce necrotic neural damage accompanied by structurally related neurobehavioral dysfunction. Together with its hypoglycemic effect, these findings may explain the neurodegenerative process that occurs in phenylketonuria (PKU), insofar as β-phenylpyruvate is a metabolite of phenylalanine known to accumulate in vast amounts in this inherited disorder.